INSECTS 



INJURIOUS TO FRUITS. 



BY 

WILLIAM SAUNDERS, F.R.S.C, 

Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow of the Royal 
Micioscopical Society of London, England, President of the Entomological Society 
of Ontario, Editor of the " Canadian Entomologist," President of the Fruit- 
Growers' Association of Ontario, Corresponding Member of the 
American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, of the 
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, the Natural 
History Society of Montreal, etc. 




ILLUSTRATED WITH FOUR HUNDRED AND FORTY WOOD-CUTS. 




PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 

LONDON: 16 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND. 
1883. 



Sa5 



Copyright, 1883, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. 



DEDIOATIO]^. 



To the Fruit-Growers of America this work is respectfully dedi- 
cated, with an earnest hope that it may be of practical use to them 
in the warfare with destructive insects in which they are con- 
stantly engaged. 

W. SAUNDERS. 



PREFACE. 



The cultivation of fruit in America has of late years 
become of so much commercial importance, as well as do- 
mestic interest, that no apology is necessary for offering to 
the fruit-growing community a work of which they must 
have long felt tlie need. 

The amateur who plants a city lot, and the farmer who 
devotes a portion of his land to the cultivation of those 
fruits which furnish from month to month pleasant and 
changeful variety to the table, as well as those who grow 
fruit to supply the home and foreign markets, are alike in- 
terested in making this pursuit a success. 

Injurious insects are so universally distributed that there 

is no part of our continent where fruit-culture can be 

profitably carried on without some effort being made to 

subdue them. Among the insect hosts we have friends as 

well as foes, and it is to the friendly species that nature has 

assigned the task of keeping in subjection those which are 

destructive; these, in many instances, do their work most 

thoroughly, devouring in some cases the eggs, in others the 

bodies, of their victims. It is not uncommon to find the 

antipathy to insects carried so far that a war of extermination 

is waged on all, and thus many of man's most efficient allies 

are consigned to destruction. 

The information necessary to enable the fruit-grower to 

5 



Q PREFACE. 

deal intelligently with this subject has not hitherto been 
easily accessible, having been diffused chiefly among a large 
number of voluminous State and Departmental reports and 
books on scientific entomology, where the practical knowledge 
is so much encumbered with scientific and other details as to 
make the acquisition of it too laborious a process for those 
whose time is so fully occupied during that period when the 
information is most needed. 

It has been the aim of the author of this work to bring 
together all the important facts relating to insects known to 
be injurious to fruits in all parts of Canada and the United 
States, to add to the information thus obtained the knowl- 
edge he has acquired of the habits and life-history of many 
of our insect pests by an experience of over twenty years 
as a fruit-grower and a student of entomology, and to pre- 
sent the results in as concise and plain a manner as possible, 
avoiding all scientific phraseology except such as is necessary 
to accuracy. 

The arrangement adopted under the several headings, by 
which the insect pests which attack the diiferent parts of the 
tree or vine under consideration are grouped together, will, it 
is hoped, with the aid of the illustrations, greatly facilitate 
the determination of any injurious species. When having 
before him its history briefly traced and the remedies which 
have been found most useful in subduing it, the reader will 
at once be enabled to decide as to the best methods to be 
employed. 

Tlie author desires to make the fullest acknowledgment to 
those of whose work he has availed himself. The writings 
of Say, Peck, Harris, Fitch, Clemens, Glover, Walsh, Riley, 
Lintner, Comstock, Le Baron, Thomas, French, Packard, 



PREFACE. 7 

Grote, Leconte, Horn, Hagen, Chambers, Howard, Cook, 
Uliler, Cresson, Feriiald, Kellicott, Willet, Bethune, Pettit, 
Rogers, Reed, Fletcher, Harrington, and others have been 
made tributary ; and in some instances, where the insect 
referred to has not been the subject of personal observation, 
the words of the author drawn from have to some extent 
been used, modified so as to bring them into harmony with 
the general aim of this work. To the writings of C. V. 
Riley, of Washington, the author is especially indebted ; his 
Missouri Reports and subsequent entomological reports in 
connection with the Department of Agriculture at Washington 
have been found invaluable. 

The material contained in the chapter on orange insects 
has been derived mainly from the excellent report of J. H. 
Comstock as Entomologist to the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture for the year 1880, and from his subsequent 
writings ; from a paper on the parasites which attack scale- 
insects, by L. O. Howard, in the same report ; also from 
the writings of Townend Glover and C. V. Riley, from a 
treatise on orange insects, by William H. Ashmead, from a 
pamphlet on insects injurious to fruit-trees in California, by 
Matthew Cooke, and from the writings of Dr. S. V. Chapin 
and others in the first report of the Board of State Agricul- 
tural Commissioners of California. 

To J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, tlie 
author is under much obligation for his kindly aid in revising 
the nomenclature. An acknowledgment is also due to the 
following specialists, who have revised lists submitted to 
them of the names of insects in their departments : Dr. 
George H. Horn, E. T. Cresson, A. R. Grote, P. Uhler, J. 
H. Comstock, and L. O. Howard. 



8 PREFACE. 

Through the liberality of the Council of the Entomological 
Society of Ontario, permission was granted to have electro- 
types made from any of the cuts in the Society's collection, 
and from this source a large number of figures have been 
obtained. Many of these were purchased by the Society from 
C. V. Riley, and some are the work of Worth ington G. 
Smith, of London, England, and other English and Ameri- 
can engravers. 

Nos. 21, 22, 31, 93, 102, 104, 116, 137, 141, 142, 145, 
169, 199, 201, 205, 206, 291, 292, 305, 321, 332, 347, and 
348 were purchased from C. V. Riley. 

Nos. 20, 151, 152, 167, and 208 were kindly loaned by A. 
S. Forbes, of Normal, Illinois. 

Through the kind liberality of the Hon. George B. Loring, 
U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, permission was granted 
to obtain electrotypes of the following, which have appeared 
in the Commissioner's reports : Nos. 13, 15, 32, 35, 42, 96, 
108, 114, 115, 126, 181, 195, 248, 270, 286, 287, 288, 377, 
393, 394, 400, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 
413, 414, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 428, 
429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436. 

Nos. 8, 25, 63, 109, 134, 144, 329, 338, 350, and 401 
were purchased from Dr. A. S. Packard. 

By kind permission, the following were copied from Town- 
end Glover's excellent plates : Nos. 9, 49, 66, 78, 82, 83, 87, 
111, 121, 146, 147, 148, 150, 155, 163, 202, 209, 236, 237, 
249, 282, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 315, 320, 322, 333, 367, 
390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 440. 

From Harris's works : Nos. 11, 86, 120, 159, 174, 188. 

From the reports of C. V. Riley : Nos. 101, 103, 105, 
107, 228, 229, 230, 378, 379. 



PREFACE. 9 

From the reports of Dr. Asa Fitch : Nos. 36, 37, 98, 99, 
301. 

From Dr. A. S. Packard's works : Nos. 16, 110, 113, 117, 
118, 119, 156, 157, 158, 162, 176, 177, 323, 328, 381, 382, 
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388. 

From B. Walsh's first report No. 14^ was copied, Xo. 55 
from one of Cyrus Tliomas's reports, No. 187 from a pkite 
published by W. H. Edwards ; Nos. 427 and 430 were 
copied (reduced in size) from the report of the U. S. Com- 
missioner of Agriculture for 1880, Nos. 438 and 439 from a 
treatise on insects injurious to fruit-trees in California, by 
Matthew Cooke, and Nos. 398, 399, 402, 405, 415, 417, 425, 
and 437 from a treatise on orange insects, by William H. 
Ash mead. 

The remainder have been drawn from nature and engraved 
for this work chiefly by the following artists, who have also 
engraved the copies : H. H. Nichol, of Washington ; Wor- 
th ington G. Smith, of London, England ; H. Faber & Son, 
and Crosscup & West, of Philadelphia; and P. J. Edmunds, 
of London, Ontario. 

Throughout this work, where an author's name, following 
the scientific name of an insect, is enclosed in parentheses, 
it is an indication that the authority is for the species only, 
and that the genus has been changed since the insect was 
described. This is in accordance with the recommendation 
of the British Association made some years ago, and is now 
very generally adopted. 

WM. SAUNDERS. 

London, Ontario, Canada, April 11, 1883. 



OOI^TENTS. 



Page 

Insects injurious to the Apple (including No. 1 to No. 64) ' 13-139 
Insects injurious to the Pear (including No. 65 to No. 82) 140-161 
Insects injurious to the Plum (including No. 83 to No. 96) 162-190 
Insects injurious to the Peach (including No. 97 to No. 

103) 191-200 

Insects injurious to the Apricot and Nectarine . . 200 

Insects injurious to the Cherry (including No. 104 to 

No. 118) "... 201-221 

Insects injurious to the Quince (including No. 119 to 

No. 121) " . . . 222-226 

Insects injurious to the Grape (including No. 122 to 

No. 173) 227-302 

Insects injurious to the Raspberry (including No. 174 

to No. 185) 303-317 

Insects injurious to the Blackberry (including No. 186 

to No. 189) 318-320 

Insects injurious to the Strawberry (including No. 190 

to No. 201) 321-335 

Insects injurious to the Red and White Currant 

(including No. 202 to No. 215) 336-353 

Insects injurious to the Black Currant (including Nos. 

216 and 217) 354-356 

Insects injurious to the Gooseberry (including No. 218 

to No. 220) 357-360 

Insects injurious to the Melon (including No. 221 to 

No. 226) . . . • 361-368 

Insects injurious to the Cranberry (including No. 227 

to No. 238) 369-376 

Insects injurious to the Orange (including No. 239 to 

No. 264) 377-422 

Insects injurious to the Olive (No. 265) .... 423 

Insects injurious to the Fig (No. 266) .... 424 

11 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUITS. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

ATTACKING THE EOOTS. 
No. 1. — The Apple-root Plant-louse. 

Schizoneiira laniijera (Ilausin.). 

This insect appears in two forms, one of which attacks 
tlie trunk of the apple-tree (see No. 9), the other works 
under the ground and produces on the roots wart-like swell- 
ings and excrescences of all shapes and sizes. These deformi- 
ties seriously diminish the normal supply of nourishment for 
the tree, and where very numerous induce gradual decay of 
the roots, and occasionally result in the death of the triee. 
Upon close examination the excrescences are found to con- 
tain in their crevices very minute pale-yellow lice, often ac- 
companied by larger winged ones. The former have their 
bodies covered with a bluish-white cottony matter, having 
the appearance of mould, the filaments of which are five or 
six times as long as the insects themselves, and are secreted 
from the upper part of the body, more particularly from 
the hinder portion of the back. In Fig. 1, a represents a 
knotted root, 6 a wingless louse, and c a winged specimen. 
The insects are both magnified ; the short lines at the sides 
indicate their natural size. 

The apple-root plant-louse is believ^ed by some entomolo- 
gists to be a native insect, while others hold to the opinion 
that it has been imported from Europe. It is nourished by 
sucking the juices of the tree, piercing the tender roots with 



14 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 




its proboscis. In the very young lice this instrument, when 
at rest and folded under the abdomen, is longer than the 
body, but in the more mature specimens it is only about two- 
thirds the length of 
Fio. 1. the body. While it 

usually confines it- 
self to the roots of 
trees, it is sometimes 
found on the suck- 
ers that spring up 
around them, and 
sometimes also 
about the stump of 
an amputate d 
branch, but in every instance it may be recognized by the 
bluish- white cottony matter with which its body is covered. 
If this cottony covering be forcibly removed, it will be found 
that in two or three days the insect will have again produced 
sufficient to envelop itself completely. Occasionally the ma- 
ture lice crawl up the branches of the trees during the sum- 
mer, where they also form colonies, and then are known as 
the Woolly Aphis of the Apple. This form of the insect will 
be referred to more fully under No. 9. 

The appearance of this root-louse is recorded in Downing's 
" Horticulturist" as early as 1848, at which time thousands 
of young trees were found to be so badly infested that they 
had to be destroyed. Since that period it has been gradually 
but widely disseminated, establishing colonies almost every- 
where, in the North, South, East, and West. Where a tree is 
sickly from any unknown cause, and no borers can be found 
sapping its vitals, the presence of this pest may be suspected. 
In such cases the earth should be removed from the roots 
about the surface, and these carefully examined, when, if 
warty swellings are discovered, no time should be lost in 
taking steps to destroy the insidious foe. 

Remedies. — The most successful means yet devised for de- 



ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 15 

stroying these root-lice is the use of scalding-hot water freely 
poured around the roots of the trees. If the trees are re- 
maining in the soil, the roots may be laid bare and the water 
used nearly boiling without injury; but where they have 
been taken up for the purpose of transplanting, and are 
to be dipped in the hot water, the temperature should not 
exceed 150° Fahr. ; under these circumstances froni 120° to 
150° would suffice for the purpose. A mulch placed around 
the trees for some time previous to treatment has been found 
useful in bringing the lice to the surface, where they can be 
more readily reached by the hot water. Drenching the roots 
with soapsuds has also been recommended, to be followed by 
a liberal dressing of ashes on the surface. 

There are several friendly insects which prey upon the 
root-louse. A very minute four-winged fly, ApheJInus mall 
(see Fig. 15), is parasitic on it, and the larva of a small 
beetle belonging to the Lady-bird family, Scymnus cervloalis, 
feeds on it. This friend is difficult to recognize among the 
lice, from the fact that it is also covered on the back with 
little tufts of woolly matter secreted from its body ; these 
larvse are, however, larger than the lice, and much more ac- 
tive, and may be further distinguished by the woolly matter 
being of an even length, and arranged on the back in trans- 
verse rows. The perfect beetle is very small, being but one- 
twentieth of an inch long, with a dark-brown body and a 
light-brown thorax. The beetle has been observed preying 
on lice about the surface of the ground. 

A third friendly insect, probably the most efficient check 
upon the increase of these lice, is known as the lioot-louse 
Syrphus fly, F'lpiza radicum Riley, which in its larval state 
feeds upon them. It is then in the form of a footless maggot, 
which, when full grown, is about a quarter of an inch long 
(Fig. 2, a), of a dirty yellow color, and usually so covered 
with dirt and with the woolly matter of the lice it has de- 
voured that it is not easily discerned. The eggs from which 
these larvae are produced are laid by the fly (Fig, 2, c) in the 



16 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 2. 



spring. Tlie larvae mature during the summer, and in the 
fall change to the pupa state, as shown at b in the figure, 
froin which the perfect fly emerges the following spring. 

The larva, chrysalis, 
and fly are all mag- 
nified in the figure. 
^ The fly measures, 
when its wings are 
expanded, nearly half 
an inch across; its 
body is black, the 
head hairy with short 
white hairs, the tho- 
lax also similarly hairy and finely punctated; the abdomen 
tinely punctated, and adorned with long white hairs; legs 
partly reddish, partly black ; wings transparent, with black 
veins. 




ATTACKINa THE TEUNE. 

No. 2. — The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. 

Saperda Candida Fabr. 

The round-headed apple-tree borer is a native of America, 
whose existence was unrecorded before 1824, when it was de- 
scribed by Thomas Say. The year following, its destructive 
character was observed about Albany, N.Y. It is now very 
widely and generally distributed, and probably it was so at 
that time, although unnoticed, since it inhabits our native 
crabs and thorn-bushes, and also the common June-berry, 
Amdanchier Canadensis. While preferring the aj^ple, it also 
makes its home in the pear, quince, and mountain-ash. In 
its perfect state it is a very handsome beetle (Fig. 3, c), about 
three-fourths of an inch long, cylindrical in form, of a pale- 
brown color above, with two broad creamy-white strij)es 
running the whole length of its body ; the face and under 



ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 



17 



surface are hoary-wliite, the antennse and legs gray. The 
females are larger than the males, and have shorter antennw. 
The beetle makes its appearance during the months of Juu(! 
and July, usually remaining in concealment during the day, 
and becoming active at dusk. 

The eggs are deposited late in June and during July, one 

Fin. 3. 






in a place, on the bark of the tree near its base. Within two' 
weeks the young worms are hatched, and at once commence 
with their sharp mandibles to gnaw their way through the 
outer bark to the interior. 

It is generally conceded that the larva is three years in 
reaching maturity. The young ones lie for the first year 
in the sap-wood and inner bark, excavating flat, shallow 
cavities, about the size of a silver dollar, which are filled 
with their sawdust-like castings. The holes by which they 
enter, being small, are soon filled up, though not until a 
few grains of castings have fallen from them. Their pres- 
ence may, however, often be detected in young trees from 
the bark becoming dark-colored and sometimes dry and dead 
enough to crack. Through these cracks some of the cast- 
ings generally protrude, and fall to the ground in a little 
heap; this takes ])lace especially in the spring of the year, 
when, with the frequent rains, they become swollen by 
the absorption of moisture. On the approach of winter 
the larva descends to the lower Dart of its burrow, where 



18 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

it doubtless remains inactive until the following spring. 
During the next season it attains about half its growth, 
still living on tlie sap-wood, where it does great damage, 
and when, as often happens, there are several of these 
borers in a single tree, they will sometimes cause its death 
by completely girdling it. After another winter's rest, the 
larva again becomes active, and towards the end of the 
following season, when approaching maturity, it cuts a cylin- 
drical passage upwards, varying in length, into the solid 
wood, afterwards extending it outward to the bark, some- 
times cutting entirely through the tree, at other times turn- 
ing back at different angles. The upper part of the cavity 
is then filled with a sawdust-like powder, after which the 
larva turns round and returns to the part nearest the heart 
of the tree, which portion it enlarges by tearing off the 
fibres, with which it carefully and securely closes the lower 
portion of its gallery, so as to protect it effectually from the 
approach of enemies at either end. Having thus perfected 
its arrangements, it again turns round so as to have its head 
upwards, when it rests from its labors in the interior of the 
passage until the following spring, when the mature larva 
sheds its skin and discloses the chrysalis. In this condition 
it remains about two or three weeks, when the perfect beetle 
es('a{)es. At first its body and wing-cases are soft and flabby, 
but in a few days they harden, when the beetle makes its 
way through the sawdust-like castings in the upper end of 
the passage, and cuts witii its powerful jaws a smooth, 
round hole through the bark, from which it escapes. *** 

Tiie larva (Fig. 3, a) is of a whitish color, with a round 
head of a chestnut-brown, polished and horny, and the jaws 
black. It has also a yellow horny-looking spot on the first 
segment behind the head. It is without feet, but moves 
about in its burrows by the alternate contraction and ex- 
pansion of the segments of its body. When full grown it is 
over an inch in length. 

The color of the chrysalis (Fig, 3, b) is lighter than that 



ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 19 

of the larva, and it has transverse rows of minute spines on 
the back, and a few at the extremity of the body. 

Remedies. — The young larva, as already stated, may often 
be detected by the discoloration of the bark. In such in- 
stances, if the outer dark-colored surface be scraped with a 
knife, late in August or early in September, so as to expose 
the clear white bark beneath, the lurking enemy may be dis- 
covered and destroyed. Later they may be detected by their 
castings, which have been pushed out of the crevices of the 
bark and have fallen in little heaps on the ground. When 
first discharged, these look as if they had been forced through 
the barrels of a minute double-barrelled gun, being arranged 
closely together in two parallel strings. Tliose which have 
burrowed deeper may sometimes be reached by a stout wire 
thrust into their holes, or by cutting through the bark at the 
upper end of the chamber, and pouring scalding water into 
the opening, so that it may soak through the castings and 
penetrate to the insect. 

Among the preventive measures, alkaline washes or solu- 
tions are probably the most efficient, since experiments have 
demonstrated that they are repulsive to the insect, and that 
the beetle will not lay her eggs on trees protected by such 
washes. Soft-soap reduced to tiie consistence of a thick 
paint by the addition of a strong solution of washing-soda 
in water is perhaps as good a formula as can be suggested : 
this, if applied to the bark of the tree, especially about the 
base or collar, and also extended upwards to the crotches, 
where the main branches have their origin, will cover the 
whole surface liable to attack, and, if applied during the 
morning of a warm day, will dry in a few hours, and form 
a tenacious coating, not easily dissolved by rain. The soap 
solution should be applied early in June, and a second time 
during the early part of July. 



20 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 4. 



No. 3. — The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. 

Chrysohoiliris femorata (Fabr.). 

This borer is also a native of America, and is in its ma- 
ture state a beetle belonging to the family Buprestidse. It 
is a very active creature, one which courts the light of day 
and delights to bask in the hot sunshine, running up and 
down the bark of a tree with great rapidity, but instantly 
taking wing if an attempt be made to capture it. The beetle 
measures from three-eighths to half an inch or more in length. 
(See Fig. 4, d, where it is shown somewhat enlarged.) It is 
of a flatfish oblong form and of a 
shining greenish-black color, each of 
its wing-cases having three raised lines, 
the outer two interrupted by two im- 
})ressed transverse spots of a brassy 
color, dividing each wing-cover into 
three nearly equal portions. The 
under side of the body and the legs 
shine like burnished copper; the feet 
are shining green. 

This pest is common almost every- 
where, affecting alike the frosty re- 
gions of the North, the great West, 
It is much more abundant than the 
two-striped borer, and is a most formidable enemy to apple- 
culture. It attacks also the pear, the plum, and sometimes 
the peach. In the Southwestern States it begins to appear 
during the latter part of May, and is found during most of 
the summer months ; in the Northern States and Canada its 
time of appearance is June and July. It .does not confine its 
attacks to the base of the tree, but affects the trunk more 
or less throughout, and sometimes the larger branches. 

The eggs, which are yellow and irregularly ribbed, are 
very small, about one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an ovoidal 
form, flattened at one end, and are fastened by the female 




and the sunnv South. 



ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 21 

with a glutinous substance, usually under the loose scales or 
within the cracks and crevices of the bark; sometimes singly, 
at other times several in a group. The young larva soon 
hatches, and, having eaten its way through the outer bark, 
feeds on the sap-wood within, where, boring broad and flattish 
ciiannels, a single specimen will sometimes girdle a small tree. 
As the larva approaches maturity, it usually bores into the 
more solid wood, working upward, and, when about to change 
to a chrysalis, cuts a passage back again to the outside, eating 
nearly but not quite through the bark. Within its retreat it 
changes to a chrysalis (Fig. 4, h), which is at first white, but 
gradually approaches in color to that of the future beetle, 
and in about three weeks the perfect insect emerges, and, 
having eaten through the thin covering of bark, escapes and 
roams at large to continue the work of destruction. 

The mature larva (Fig. 4, a) is a pale-yellow footless 
grub, with its anterior end enormously enlarged, round, and 
flattened. At c in the figure the under side of the anterior 
swollen portion of the body is shown. Whether this larva 
requires one or two seasons to reach maturity has not yet 
been determined with certainty, but the opinion prevails that 
its transformations are completed in a single year. 

Remedies. — One might reasonably suppose that this larva 
in its snug retreat would be safe from the attack of outside 
foes ; but it is hunted and devoured by woodpeckers, and also 
destroyed by insect parasites. A very small fly, a species of 
Chalcid, destroys many of the larvse; besides which two larger 
parasites have been bred from tiiem by Prof. C. V. Riley, 
one of which, Bracon charus Riley, is represented magnified 
in Fig, 5, the hair-lines at the side showing its natural size. 
The other species, Cryptus graUator Say, is somewhat larger : 
they both belong to that very useful group of four-winged 
flies known as Ichneumons. 

Although healthy, well-established trees are not exempt 
from the attacks of this enemy, it is found that sickly trees 
or trees newly transplanted are more liable to suffer, es- 



22 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 




pecially on the southwest side, where the bark is often first 
injured by exposure to the sun, resulting in what is called 

sun-scald. AH trees should be 
carefully examined early in the 
fall, when the young larva, if 
present, may often be detected 
by the discoloration of the bark, 
which sometimes has a flattened 
and dried appearance, or by a 
slight exudation of sap, or by 
the presence of the sawdust- 
like castings. Whenever such 
indications are seen, the parts 
should at once be cut into with 
a knife and the intruder de- 
stroyed. As a preventive meas- 
ure there is nothing better than 
coating the bark of tiie trunk and larger branches with a 
mixture of soft-soap and solution of soda, as recommended 
for the two-striped borer (No. 2). 

No. 4. — The Long-homed Borer. 

Lepiosiylus acuUfer (Say). 

Although distributed over a wide area, this is by no means 
a common insect, and seldom appears in sufficient numbers to 
cause the fruit-grower any uneasiness. Tlie beetle (Fig. 6j is 
„ ^. of rather an elegant form, with long, tapering an- 
tennae of a gray color, prettily banded with black. 
It is a little more than a third of an inch long, of 
a brownish-gray color, with many small, thorn-like 
points upon its wing-covers. There is also a V- 
shaped band, margined with black, a little behind the middle 
of the wing-cases. 

The perfect insect appears about the last of August, when it 
occasionally deposits its eggs upon the trunks of apple-trees, 
which shortly hatch into small grubs, and these eat their way 




ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 



23 



through and burrow under the bark. They are very simihir 
in appearance to the young larvte of the two-striped borer, 
but differ in their liabits ; they form long, narrow, winding 
tracks under the bark, but upon the outer surface of the 
wood, which are made broader as the larva increases in size. 
This larva is also found under the bark of oak-trees. 

Remedies. — Should the insect at any time j)rove destructive^ 
its ravages may l)e prevented or controlled by the use of the 
alkaline wash applied to the bark, as recommended for the 
two-striped borer (No. 2), deferring its application until the 
early part of August. 

No. 5.— The Stas^ Beetle. 
Lucanus dama Thunb. 

This large and powerful beetle is a very common insect, 
belonging to the family called Lamellieornes, or leaf-horned 
beetles, from the leaf-like joints of their antennae. In the 
male (Fig. 7) the upper jaws or mandibles are largely de- 
veloped, curved like a sickle, and 
furnished internally beyond the mid- 
dle with a small tooth ; those of the 
female are much shorter, and also 
toothed. The body measures from 
one to one and a quarter inches in 
length, exclusive of the jaws, and is 
of a deep mahogany-brown color. 
The head of the male is broad and 
smooth ; that of the female narrowed 
and roughened with indentations. The 
beetle appears during the months of 
July and August, and is very vigorous on the wing, flying 
with a loud, buzzing sound during the evening and ni^ht, 
when it frequently enters houses, to the annoyance of the 
occupants. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to remark that 
this beetle is not venomous, and that it never attempts to bite 
without provocation. 



Fro 




24 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



The eggs are laid in the crevices of the bark of trees, 

especially near the roots. The larvae live in decaying wood, 

and are fonud in the trunks and roots of various kinds of 

trees, particularly those of old apple-trees ; they are also 

found in old cherry-trees, willows, and oaks. They are 

said to be six years in completing their growth, living all the 

time on the wood of the tree, reducing it to a coarse powder 

resembling sawdust. The mature larva is a large, thick, 

whitish grub, with a reddish-brown, horny-looking head, 

dark mandibles, and reddish legs. (See Fig. 8, a.) The body 

-c, o is curved when at rest, 

Fig. 8. _ ' 

the hinder segments being 
brought towards the head. 
When the larva has at- 
tained full size it remains 
in its burrow, and encloses 
itself in an oval cocoon 
(Fig. 8, 6) formed of frag- 
ments of wood and bark 
cemented together with a 
glue-like secretion, and within this enclosure it is trans- 
formed into a pupa of a yellowish-white color. Through the 
partially transparent membrane the limbs of the future beetle 
are dimly seen, and in due time the mature insect bursts its 
filmy covering, crawls through the passage previously gnawed 
by the larva, and emerges to the light of day. 

As this beetle affects only old and decaying trees, it seldom 
does much harm. The use of the alkaline wash recommended 
for Xo. 2 would no doubt deter the beetles from depositing 
their eggs on trees so protected, and thus any mischief they 
might otherwise do could be prevented. 

No. 6. — The Apple-bark Beetle. 

Monarthrum mall (Fitch). 

The apple-bark beetle is a small insect about one-tenth of 
an inch long (see Fig. 9, where it is shown much magnified); 




ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 



25 



it is cylindrical in form, smooth and slender, and varies in 
color from dark chestnut-brown to nearly black. Its legs 
and antennae are pale-yellowisli, and its thorax minutely 
punctated ; the posterior end of the body is abruptly notched 
or excavated. The insect bores under the bark of apple- 
trees, sometimes attacking young, thrifty trees, which, when 
badly aifected, are apt, soon after putting forth their leaves, 
to wither suddenly, as if scorched by fire ; the bark becomes 
loosened from the wood, and soon after, these 
small beetles appear crawling through minute per- 
forations in the bark like large pin-holes. This 
insect usually appears in July; it is seldom very 
common, but has been reported as destructive in 
some parts of Massachusetts, where many young 
trees are said to have been ruined by it. So little 
is yet known of the history and habits of this pest that it is 
difficult to say what would be the best remedy for it. 



Fig. 9. 




No. 7.— The Eyed Elater 

Alans ocuJafns (Linn.). 

This is the largest of our Elaters, or " spring-beetles," and 
is found with its larva in the decaying 
wood of old apple-trees. The beetle 
(Fig. 10) is an inch and a half or more 
in length, of a black color, sprinkled 
with numerous whitish dots. On the 
thorax there are two large velvety black 
eye-like spots, which have given origin 
to the common name of the insect. The 
thorax is about one-third the length of 
the body, and is powdered with whitish 
atoms or scales; the wing-cases are ridged 
with longitudinal lines, and the under 
side of the body and legs thickly powdered with white. 
It is found in the perfect state in June and July. 





26 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

The mature larv^a (Fig. 11), which attains its full growth 
early in April, is about two and a half inches long, nearly 
four-tenths of an inch across about the middle, tapering 
PiQ XI slightly towards each 

extremity. The head 
is broad, brownish, 
and rough above ; 
the jaws very strong, curved, and pointed ; the terminal seg- 
ment of the body blackish, roughened with small pointed 
tubercles, with a deep semicircular notch at the end, and 
armed at the sides with small teeth, the two hinderraost 
of which are long, forked, and curved upwards like hooks ; 
under this hinder segment is a large fleshy foot, furnished 
behind with little claws, and around the sides with short 
spines ; it has six true legs, — a pair under each of the first 
three segments. Early in spring the larva casts its skin and 
becomes a chrysalis, and in due time there emerges from it 
a perfect beetle. 

This beetle, when placed upon its back on a flat surface, 
has the power of springing suddenly into the air, and, while 
moving, turning its body, thus recovering its natural position. 
This unusual movement combines with its curious prominent 
eye-like spots to make it a constant source of wonder and 
interest. Since it feeds only on decaying Avood, it scarcely 
deserves to be classed with destructive insects ; yet, being 
occasionally found in the wood of the apple-tree, it is worthy 
of mention here. 

No. 8. — The Rough Osmoderma. 

Osmoderma scahra (Beauv.)- 

This insect, also, lives in the larval state in the decaying 
wood of the apple, as well as in that of the cherry, con- 
suming the wood and inducing more rapid decay. It is a 
large, white, fleshy grub, with a reddish, hard-shelled head. 
In the autumn each larva makes for itself an oval cell of 
fragments of wood, cemented together with a glutinous ma- 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



27 



Fig. 12. 



terial, iu which it undergoes its transformations, appearing 

during the month of July as a large, 

purplish-black beetle (Fig. 12), about an 

inch long, with rough wing-cases. Tiie 

head is hollowed out on the top, the under 

side of the body smooth, and the legs short 

and stout. It conceals itself during the 

day, but is active at night, feeding upon 

the sap which flows from the bark. Since 

the larva feeds only on decaying wood, 

the injury inflicted, if any, can only be 

of a trifling character. 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



Fig 



No. 9.— The Woolly-louse of the Apple. 

Schizoneura lanigera (Hausm.). 

This is the same species as the apple-root plant-louse (No. 1), 
but in this form the insects attack the trunk and limbs of the 
apple-tree, living in clusters, and secreting over themselves 
small patches of a cotton-like covering. (See Fig. 13, where 
the insects are represented magnified.) 
They are often found about the base 
of twigs or suckers springing from 
the trunk, and also about the base of 
the trunk itself, and around recent 
wounds in the bark. In autumn they 
commonly affect the axils of the leaf- 
stalks (Fig. 13), towards the ends of 
twigs, and sometimes multiply to such 
an extent as to cover the whole mi- 
der surface of the limbs and also of 
the trunk, the tree looking as though 
whitewashed. They are said to affect most those trees which 




28 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



yield sweet fruit. This woolly-louse is very common in 
Europe, especially in Germany, the north of France, and 
England, where it is more destructive than in this country, 
and, although generally known there under the name of 
the "American Blight," it is believed to be indigenous to 
Europe, and to have been originally brought from Europe 
to America. It appears to thrive only in comparatively cold 
climates, and in this country occurs in this form most abun- 
dantly in the New England States. 

Under each of the little patches of down there is usually 
found one large female with her young. When fully grown 
the female is nearly one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form, 
with black head and feet, dusky legs and antennse, and yel- 
lowish abdomen. She is covered with a white, mealy powder, 
and has a tuft of white down growing upon the hinder part of 
her back, which is easily detached. During the summer the 
parents are wingless, and the young are produced alive, but 
about the middle of October, among the wingless specimens, 
appear a considerable number both of males and females with 
wings, and these have but little of the downy substance upon 
their bodies, which are nearly black and rather plump. The 

fore wings are large, 
_ and about twice as 
long as the narrower 
hind wings. In Fig. 
14 the winged insect is 
represented much mag- 
nified ; also a group of 
the larvae magnified, 
and an apple-twig, 
natural size, showing 
one of the openings in 
the bark caused by this 
insect. The winged 
females fly from tree to tree to deposit eggs for another gen- 
eration the following spring, — a fact which should induce 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



29 



fruit-growers to take particular pains to destroy these lice 
wherever found, for the colony that is permitted this year 
to establish itself upon some worthless tree, or on the shoots 
or suckers at its base, will furnish the winged parents of 
countless hosts that may establish themselves next year on 
the choicest trees in the orchard. The insects are extremely 
hardy, and will endure a considerable amount of frost, and it 
is quite probable that some of them survive the winter in the 
perfect state in the cracks of the bark of the trees. 

The eggs are so small that they require a magnifying-glass 
to enable one to see them, and are deposited in the crevices 
of the bark at or near the surface of the ground, especially 
about the base of suckers, where such are permitted to grow. 

The young, when first hatched, are covered with very fine 
down, and appear in the spring of the year like little specks 
of mould on the trees. As the season advances, and the in- 
sect increases in size, its cottony coating becomes more dis- 
tinct, the fibres increasing in length and apparently issuing 
from all the pores of the skin of the abdomen. This coating 
is very easily removed, adhering to the fingers when touched. 
Both young and old derive their nourishment from the sap 
of the tree, and the constant punctures they make give rise to 
warts and excrescences on the bark, and openings in it, and, 
where very numerous, the limbs attacked become sickly, the 
leaves turn yellow and drop off, and sometimes the tree dies. 

Remedies. — The very small four- 
winged Chalcid fly, Aphelirm.^ moll 
Hald., which is highly magnified in 
Fig. 15, and which has already been 
referred to under Xo. 1, preys also 
on this woolly aphis. The lady- 
birds and their larvae, also the larvae 
of the lace-wing flies and syrphus 
flies, feed on all species of plant-lice, 

and are very useful in keeping them within bounds. These 
friendly insects will be fully treated of under the Apple- 



FiG. 15. 




30 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

tree Aphis, No. 57. The vigorous use of a stiff brush wet 
with the alkaline solution of soap, recommended under 
No. 2, will also be found very efficient, or a solution made 
by mixing five pounds of fresh lime with one pound of 
sulphur and two gallons of water, and heating until the 
sulphur is dissolved. After destroying those on the trunk, 
and cutting away all suckers, the earth should be removed 
from about the base of the trunk, the parts below the surface 
cleaned, and fresh earth placed about the roots. Spiders 
devour large numbers of these lice, spinning their webs over 
the colonics and feeding at their leisure. 

No. 10. — The Apple Liopus. 

Liopus facehis Say. 

This is another of the long-horned borers which has been 
found in the larval state boring into the decaying limbs of 
apple-trees. The larva, when full grown, is a quarter of an 
inch long or more, is slender, with the anterior segments en- 
larged and swollen, is covered with fine short hairs, and has 
the end of the abdomen rather blunt. The beetle, which is 
shown magnified in Fig. ]6, is a handsome one, a slender 
little creature, rather less than a quarter 
^^' of an inch in length, of a pale ash-gray 

color wnth a purplish tinge. The long 
antennse are yellowish brown, except at 
the base and between the joints, where 
the color is darker. The wing-covers 
are smooth, and on their anterior por- 
tion is an irregular rounded dark spot; 
a broad black band crosses the hinder 
portion, leaving the tip pale gray ; there 
are also several additional blackish dots and streaks distrib- 
uted over the upper surface. 

The beetles appear late in June and early in July, and lay 
their eggs on the bark of the branches, from which the young 
larvae hatch and bore in under the bark, where they become 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 31 

full grown and undergo their transformations before the fol- 
lowing midsummer. This is a rare insect in most parts of 
America, and is not likely to prove a serious trouble anywhere. 

No. 11. — The Apple-tree Pruner. 

Elaphidion villosum (Fabr.). 

This is also a long-horned beetle, of cylindrical form, of a 
dull-blackish color, with brownish wing-cases. The antenna 
in the male are longer than the body, and in the female, which 
is represented in Fig. 17, are equal to it. The entire body is 
covered with short grayish hairs, which, from their denseness 
in some places on the thorax and wing-covers, form pale 
spots. The under side of the body is of a chestnut-brown 
color. The insect affects chiefly the oak-tree, but also attacks 
the apple, and, although not often found in great abundance, 
is very generally distributed over most of 
the Northern United States and Canada. 

The peculiar habits and instincts of this 
insect are very interesting. The parent ' 
beetle places an egg in the axil of a leaf 
on a fresh green twig proceeding from a 
moderate-sized limb. When the young 
larva hatches, it burrows into the centre of 
the twig and down towards its base, consuming in its course 
the soft pnlpy matter of which this part of the twig is com- 
posed. By the time it reaches the main limb it has become 
suffidiently matured to be able to feed upon the harder wood, 
and makes its way into the branch, when the hollow twig it 
has vacated gradually withers and drops off. The larva, 
being now about half grown, eats its way a short distance 
through the middle of the branch, and then proceeds de- 
liberately to sever its connection with the tree by gnawing 
away the woody fibre to such an extent that the first storm 
of wind snaps the branch off. This is rather a delicate 
operation for the insect to perform, anti requires wonderful 
instinctive skill, for should it gnaw away too much of the 




32 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 18. 



Fig. 19. 



woody interior the branch might break during the process, 
— an accident which would probably crush the workman to 
death ; but the insect rarely miscalculates : it leaves the 
bark and just enough of the woody fibre untouched to sustain 
the branch until it has time to make good its retreat into 
the burrow, the opening of which it carefully stops up with 
gnawed fragments of wood. If the limb be short, it severs 
all the woody fibres, leaving it fastened only by the bark; 
if longer, a few of the woody fibres on the U{)per side are 
left ; and if very long and heavy, not more than three-fourths 
of the wood will be cut through. Having performed the 
operation and closed its hole so that the jarring of the branch 
when it falls may not shake out the occupant, the larva 
retreats to the spot at which it first entered the limb. After 
the branch has fallen it eats its way gradually through the 
centre of the limb for a distance of from six to twelve inches, 
when, having completed its growth, 
it is transformed to a chrysalis with- 
in the enclosure. Sometimes this 
change takes place in the autumn, 
but more frequently it is deferred 
until the spring, and from the pupa 
the beetle escapes during the month 
of June. 

The larva (Fig. 18) when full 
grown is a little more than half 
an inch long, thickest towards the 
head, tapering gradually backwards. 
The head is small and black, the 
body yellowish white, with a few indistinct darker markings. 
It has six very minute legs attached to the anterior segments. 
In the figure the larva is shown magnified. The pupa is 
about the same size as the larva, of a whitish color, and is 
shown in Fig. 19, also magnified, in its burrow. 

Remedies. — Birds are active agents in the destruction of 
these larvae ; they seek them out in their places of retreat and 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



33 



devour them. Should they at any time become very numer- 
ous, they may easily be disposed of by gathering the fallen 
branches and burning them before the insect has time to 
mature. 

No. 12. — The Parallel Elaphidion. 
Elaphidlon parallduiii Newiu. 

This insect in the larval state occasionally bores into the 
twigs of apple and plum trees. The beetle (Fig. 20, c) is 
a little more than half an inch long, of a dull-brownish 
color, closely resembling No. 11 in appearance and habits, 
but smaller in size. 

The egg is laid by the parent insect near the axil of one 
of the leaf-buds, where the young larva, when hatched, bores 
into the twig, enlarging the channel as it increases in size, 
finally transforming to a chrysalis within its burrow, and es- 
caping at maturity in the perfect state. In the hgure, a shows 
the larva, 6 the twig split open, showing the enclosed chrysalis, 
k the end of the twig cut 
ofP, c the beetle, l the basal 
joints of the antenna, j the 
tij) of the wing-case, d the 
head, e maxilla, / labium, 
g mandible, and h the an- 
tenna of the larva. This 
Elaphidion is rather a rare 
insect, and, although it may 
occasionally be found injurious, it is not likely to become so 
to any considerable extent. 



Fig. 20. 




No. 13. — The Apple-twig Borer. 

AmpMcerus hicaudatus (Say). 

The apple-twig borer is a small cylindrical beetle (Fig. 21), 
from one-fourth to one-third of an inch in length, of a dark 
chestnut-brown color above, black beneath. The fore part 
of its thorax is roughened with minute elevated points, and, 

3 



34 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



in the males, furnished with two little horns ; the male may 
also be further distinguished from the female by its having 
two small thorn-like projections from the extremities of the 
wing-covers. 

Unlike most other borers, which do their mischief in the 
larval state, this insect works in the beetle state, boring into 
the branches of apple, pear, and cherry trees, just above a 



Fig. 21. 



Fig. 2-2. 





bud, and working downwards through the pith in a cylindri- 
cal burrow one or two inches long. (See Fig. 22, c and d.) 
The holes appear to be made partly for the purpose of obtain- 
ing food, and partly to serve as places of concealment for the 
beetles ; they are made by both sexes alike, and the beetles 
are found in them occasionally in the middle of winter, as 
well as in the summer, usually Avith the head downwards. 
They work throughout the summer months, causing the twigs 
operated on to wither and their leaves to turn brown. Upon 
examination, a perforation about the size of a knitting-needle 
is found near one of the buds from six inches to a foot from 
the end of the twig. This insect does not often occur in such 
numbers as to inflict any material damage, but occasionally 
as many as ten have been found working at once on a two- 
or three-year-old tree ; they also affect the twigs of larger 
trees. The twigs so injured are very liable to break off with 
high winds. 

There is not much known as yet about the earlier stages of 
this insect ; the larva is said to have been found feeding upon 
grape-canes, into which also the beetle occasionally bores. 
The beetle is found from Pennsylvania to Mississippi, also in 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 35 

the orchards of New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, and 
Kansas. Should it at any time inflict serious injury, tlie 
only remedy as yet suggested is to search for the bored twigs 
in June and July, and cut them off and burn them. 

No. 14. — The Imbricated Snout-beetle. 

Eplccerus imhricatus (Say). 

This is a small snout-beetle or weevil, which is common in 
some localities on apple and cherry trees and injures tliem 
by gnawing the twigs and 
fruit. It is most frequently '^' 

found in the Western States, 
especially in parts of Iowa 
and Kansas. 

It is a very variable beetle; 
usually it is of a silvery- 
white color, with dark mark- 
ings, as shown in Fig. 23, 

but sometimes these latter are wholly or partly wanting. 
Nothing is as yet known of its history in the earlier stages of 
its existence. 

Should this weevil ever occur in sufficient numbers to ex- 
cite alarm, they could probably be collected by jarring the 
trees, as in the case of the plum-weevil, and then desti'oyed. 

No. 15. — The Seventeen-year Locust. 

Cicada septendecim Linn. 

The seven teen -year locust is an insect very well known 
throughout the United States, and is sometimes met with in 
Canada. As its name implies, it generally requires seventeen 
years in which to complete its transformations, nearly the 
whole of this period being spent under ground. 

The perfect insect measures, when its wings are expanded, 
from two and a half to three inches across. It is represented 
at c in Fig. 24. The body is stout and blackish, the wings 




36 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



transparent, tlie thick anterior edge and large veins are 
orange-red, and near the front margin, towards the tip, tliere 
is a dusky, zigzag line resembling a W. The rings of the 
abdomen are edged with dull orange, and the legs are of the 
same hue. The locusts appear in the South earlier than in 



Fig. 24. 




the North ; their usual time is during the latter part of May, 
and they disappear early in July. 

After pairing, the female dejiosits her eggs in the twigs of 
diiferent trees, puncturing and sawing small slits in them, as 
shown in Fig. 24, d, which she does by means of her sharp 
beak, which is composed of three portions ; the two outer are 
beset with small teeth like a saw, while the centre one is a 
spea -pointed piercer. In these slits she places her eggs. 
These (e, Fig. 24) are of a pearly-white color, one-twelfth 
of an inch long, and taper to an obtuse point at each end. 
They are deposited in pairs, side by side, with a ])ortion of 
woody fibre between them, and placed in the cavity some- 
what obliquely, so that one end points upwards. When two 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



37 



eggs have thus been deposited, the insect withdraws her piercer 
for a moment, and then inserts it again and drops two more eggs 
in a line with the first, and so on until she has filled the slit 
from one end to the other. She then removes to a little dis- 
tance and makes another similar nest : it is not uncommon 
to find from fifteen to twenty of "such fissures in the same 
limb. The cicada thus passes from limb to limb and from 
tree to tree until her store of four or five hundred eo;o;s is 
exhausted, when, Avorn out by her excessive labors, she dies. 
The punctured twigs are so weakened by the operations of the 
insect that they frequently break off when swayed by rough 
winds, and the injury thus caused to young fruit-trees in 
orchards or nurseries is sometimes very serious ; in most in- 
stances, however, if the trees are vigorous, they eventually 
recover from their w^ounds. 

The eggs hatch in about six weeks or less, the young larva 
being of a yellowish-white color, and appearing as shown in 
Fig. 25. It is active and rapid in its movements, and 
shortly after its escape from the egg drops to the ground, and 
immediately proceeds to bury itself in the soil by means of 
its broad and strong fore feet, wiiich are admirably ada])ted 
for digging. Once under the surface, these larvae attach 
themselves to the succulent 
roots of plants and trees, and, ~'^' 

puncturing them with their 
beaks, imbibe the vegetable 
juices, which form their sole 
nourishment. They do not 
usually descend very deeply 

into the ground, but remain where juicy roots are most 
abundant, and the only marked alteration to which they are 
subject during the long period of their existence under ground 
is a gradual increase in size. 

As the time for their transformation approaches, they as- 
cend towards the surface, making cylindrical burrows about 
five-eighths of an inch in diameter, often circuitous, seldom 




38 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 26. 



exactly perpendicular, and these are firmly cemented and 
varnished so as to be water-tight. As the insect progresses, 
the chamber is filled below by tlie earthy matter removed in 
its progress, but the upper portion, to the extent of six or 

eight inches, is empty, 
and serves as a dwell- 
ing-place for the insect 
until the period for its 
exit arrives. Here it 
remains for some days, 
ascending to the top of 
the hole in fine weather 
for warmth and air, and 
occasionally looking out 
as if to reconnoitre, but 
descending again on the 
occurrence of cold or 
wet weather. In locali- 
ties that are low or im- 
perfectly drained, the insects sometimes continue their galleries 
from four to six inches above ground, as shown in Fig. 26, 
leaving a place of egress at the surface, e, and in the upper 
end of these dry chambers the pupse patiently await the time 
for their next change. 

This period, although an active one, is the pupal stage of 
the insects' existence, and finally, when fully matured, they 
issue from the ground (see o, Fig. 24), crawl up the trunk 
of a tree or any other object to which they can attach them- 
selves securely by their claws, and, having rested awhile, 
prepare to cast their skins. After some struggling, a longi- 
tudinal rent is made on the back, and through this the en- 
closed cicada pushes its head, and then gradually withdraws 
itself, leaving the empty pupa skin adhering, as shown at b in 
Fig. 24. The escape from the pupa usually occurs between six 
and nine in the evening, and about ten minutes are occupied 
by the insect in entirely freeing itself from the enclosure. At 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 39 

first the body is soft and white, excepting a black patcli on 
the back, and the wings are small and soft, but within an 
hour are fully developed, and before morning the mature 
insects are ready for flight. They sometimes issue from the 
ground in immense numbers ; above fifteen hundred liave 
been known to arise beneath a single apple-tree, and in some 
places the whole surface of the soil has, by their ojjerations, 
appeared almost as full of holes as a honey-comb. 

Remedies. — On escaping from the ground, they are attacked 
by various enemies. Birds and predaceous insects devour 
them; hogs and poultry feed on them greedily; and in the 
winged state they are also subject to the attacks of parasites. It 
seems that human agency can effect but little in the way of stay- 
ing the progress of these invaders, and the only time when any- 
tliing can be done is early in the morning, when the winged 
insects newly escaped and in a comparatively feeble and help- 
less condition may be crushed and destroyed ; but when once 
they have acquired their full power of wing, it is a hopeless 
task to attempt to arrest their course. The males have a 
musical apparatus on each side of the body just behind the 
wings, which acts like a pair of kettle-drums, producing a 
very loud, shrill sound. Although partial to ook-trees, on 
which they most abound, they are very destructive to other 

trees and shrubs, and frequently 

, ' 1 ^ YiQ. 27. 

injure apple-trees. 

A popular idea prevails that 
these insects are dangerous to 
handle, that they sting, and 
that their sting is venomous. 
As their beaks (a, Fig. 27) are sharp and strong, it is pos- 
sible that nnder provocation they may insert these, but, since 
there is no poison-gland attached, there is little more to fear 
from their puncture than from the piercing of a needle. 




40 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Via. 28. 



No. 16. — The Oyster-shell Bark-louse. 

Mytilaspis pomorum Bouche. 

This is a very destructive and pernicious insect, which pre- 
vails throughout llie Northern United States and Canada, and 
in some of the Southern States also. It was introduced from 
Europe more than eighty years ago. It appears 
in the form of minute scales, about one-sixth of 
an inch long, of a brownish or grayish color, 
closely resembling that of the bark of the tree, 
and somewhat like the shell of an oyster in shape, 
adhering to the surface of the bark, as shown in 
Fig. 28, and placed irregularly, most of them 
lengthwise of the limb or twig, with the smaller 
end upwards. In some instances the branches of 
a])ple-trees may be found literally covered and 
crowded with these sca'es; and where thus so 
prevalent they seriously impair the health and 
vigor of the tree, and sometimes cause its death. 
Under each of these scales will be found a 
mass of eggs varying in number from fifteen or 
twenty to one hundred or more ; these during the 
winter or early spring will be found to be white in color, but 
before hatching they change to a yellowish hue, soon after 
which the ybung insects appear. This usually occurs late in 
May or early in June, and, if the weather is cool, the young 
lice will remain several days under the scales before dis- 
])ersing over the tree. As it becomes warmer, they leave their 
shelter, and may be seen running all over the twigs looking 
for suitable locations to which to attach themselves. They 
then, under a magnifying-glass, present the appearance shown 
at 2, Fig. 29, their actual length being only about one- 
hundredth of an inch ; to the unaided eye they appear as 
mere specks. A large proportion of them soon become fixed 
around the base of the side-shoots of the terminal twigs, where, 
inserting their tiny shai'p beaks, they subsist upon the saj) of 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



41 



the tree. In a few days a fringe of delicate waxy threads 
issues from their bodies, when they have the appearance shown 
at 3. Gradually the insect assumes the form shown at 4 ; 5 
and 6 represent the louse as it approaches maturity, and when 
detached from the scale; 1 shows the egg highly magnified ; 
and 8 one of the autennse of the young lice, also much enlarged. 
Before the end of the season the louse has secreted for itself 

Fig. •!'.). 




the scaly covering shown at 7, in which it lives and matures. 
The scale is figured as it apj)ears from the under side when 
raised and with the louse in it. By the middle of August 
this female louse has become little else than a bag of eggs, 
and the process of depositing these now begins, the body of 
the parent shrinking day by day, until finally, when this 
work is completed, it becomes a mere atom at the narrow 
end of the scale, and is scarcely noticeable. 

The scales of the male louse are seldom seen ; they are 
most frequently found upon the leaves, both on the upper 
and under sides ; they are smaller in size than those of the 
female, and different also in sha;ie. The male scale is shown 
at c. Fig. 30, in which cut is also represented the male insect, 
much mngnified, with wings closed and expanded. 

Only one brood is produced annually in the North, the 
eggs remaining unchanged under the scale for about nine 
mouths ; but in some parts of the South the insect is double- 



42 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



brooded, tiie first brood hatching iu May, the second in 
September. 

As the oyster-shell bark-louse retains power of motion only 
for a few days at most after hatching, it is mainly disseminated 
to distant places by the distribution of young trees from infested 
nurseries. In the orchard and its immediate neighborhood it 
may be spread by being carried on the feet of birds, or attachetl 

Fig. 30. 




to the larger insects, or may be aided by the wind in passing 
from tree to tree, while it is itself so brisk in its active state 
tiiat it can travel two or three inches in a minute, and hence 
might in this way reach a point two or three rods distant be- 
fore it would perish. Although this insect essentially belongs 
to the apple-tree, it is frequently found on the pear, and 
sometimes on the plum and the currant-bush. 

Remedies. — A species of mite (Fig. 31), Tyroglyjphus malus 
(Shinier), preys on the louse as well as on its eggs; and this 
mite, so insignificant that it can scarcely be seen without a 
* magnifying-glass, has probably done more to keep this or- 
chard-pest within bounds than any other thing. 

Under the scales may sometimes be found a small active 
larva devouring the eggs. This is the progeny of a small 
four-winged parasite, belonging to the family Chalcididse, 
named Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron. In Fig. 32 we have 
a representation of this insect highly magnified. 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



43 



Another friend is the twice-stabbed lady-bird, Chilochorus 
bivulnerus Muls. (Fig. 33), an insect easily recognized by its 



Fig. 31. 



Fig. 32. 





polished black wing-cases with a blood-red spot on each. 

Its larva, a bristly-looking little creature (Fig. 34), of a 

grayish color, is very active, and devours 

large numbers of the lice; the p rfect beetle 

also eats them. The bark-lice and their eggs 

are devoured also by some of our insect-eating 

birds. 

During the winter the trees should be ex- 
amined and the scales scraped off, and thus a large proportion 
of the insects may be destroyed. Still, it is almost impos- 
sible to cleanse the trees entirely in this way, especially the 
smaller branches; and hence the insect should be 
fought also at the time when the eggs are hatch- 
ing and the young lice crawling over the limbs, 
as then they are tender and easily killed. With 
this object in view, the time of hatching of the 
remnants left after the winter or spring scraping 
should be watched, and, while the young larvae 
are active, the twigs should be brushed with a 
strong solution of soft-soap and washing-soda, as recom- 
mended under No. 2, or syringed with a solution of wash- 
ing-soda in water, made by dissolving half a pound or more 



Fig. 34. 




44 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

in a pailful. Painting the twigs and branches with linseed 
oil has also been tried with success. 

As a precautionary measure, every young tree should be 
carefully examined before being planted, and if found infested 
should be thoroughly cleansed. 

No. 17.— The Scurfy Bark-louse. 

Chionaspis furfw-us ( Fi tch ) . 

This insect, which has long been known under the name of 
Harris's Bark-louse, Aspidiotus Harrisii Walsh, is now found 
to have been first described by Dr. Fitch, and hence must in 
future bear the name given to it by him. It resembles in some 
respects the oyster-shell bark-louse, yet is sufficiently dissimilar 
to be readily distinguished from it. In this species the scale 
of the female, which is by far the most abundant, is oblong 
in form, pointed below, very fiat, of a grayish-white color, 
and about one-tenth of an inch long. (See Fig. 35, 1 and 
1 c; the latter represents a scale highly magnified.) The eggs 
under the scale of the oyster-shell bark-louse during the 
winter are white, while these are purplish red. Tiie eggs of 
this species hatch about the same date as the other, but the 
larvae are red or reddish brown in color. This insect does 
not mature so rapidly as the oyster-shell species ; the eggs 
are said not to be fully developed under the scale until the 
middle of September. The scale of the male, which is very 
much smaller and narrower, and not more than one-thir- 
tieth of an inch long, is shown in the figure, magnified, at 1 a; 
the male insect in the winged state, highly magnified, at 1 b. 

This is a native insect, Avhich has existed from time imme- 
morial in the East, West, and South, its original home being 
on the bark of our native crab-trees. In the warmer parts 
of the South it is more common than the oyster-shell bark- 
louse. It is found chiefly on the apple, but sometimes affects 
the pear and also the mountain-ash. It is far less common 
than the imported oyster-shell bark-louse, and is nowhere 
anything like so injurious as that insect. 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



45 



Remedies. — The scurfy bark-louse is said to be preyed upon 
by the same mites whicii attack tlie oyster-shell species; it is 



Fig. 35. 




also devoured by the larva of the twice-stabbed laay-bird. 
The same artificial remedies should be used iu this iustance 
as are recommended iu the other. 



No. 18 — The Buffalo Tree-hopper. 

Ceresa bubalus (Fabr.). 

This insect belongs to the order Hemiptera. It is an active 
jumping creature, about one-tiiird of an inch long (Fig. 36), 
of a light grass-green color, with whitish dots and a pale- 



46 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig 36. 




yellowish streak along each side. On the front there is a 
sharp process or point jutting out horizontally on each 
side, reminding one of the horns of a bull 
or buifalo, which has given to the insect its 
common name of buffalo tree- hopper. Its 
body is three-sided, not unlike a beech-nut 
in form, and it is furnished with a sharp- 
pointed beak, with which it punctures the 
bark and sucks the sap from the trees. 

It is common on apple and many other 
trees from July until the end of the season. 
The eggs are said to be laid in rows, in a 
series of punctures made by the ovipositor of the female; 
and the young larvse, which are grass-green like their parents, 
feed also on the sap of the leaves and twigs. 

In the larval state, before the power of flight is acquired, 
the insect is easily caught and destroyed ; but it is not easy 
to suggest a remedy for so active a creature as the {perfect 
insect is. It cannot be killed by any poisonous application, 
as it feeds only on sap. It has been suggested that where 
they are so numerous as to injure fruit-trees they may be 
irightened away by frequently shaking the trees, as they are 
very shy and timorous. It is, however, scarcely probable 
that this insect will ever become a source of much annoyance 
to the fruit-o-rower. 



No. 19.- 



FiG. 37. 




-The Thorn-bush Tree-hopper. 

Thelia craicvgi Fitch. 

This is an insect similar in structure 
and habits to the buffalo tree-hopper. 
It is common on apple-trees, but more 
common on thorn-bushes, in July and 
August, when it may be seen resting 
upon the small limbs and sucking the 
sap. When approached, it leaps away 



with a sudden spring, and is lost to view. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



47 



It is a little more than one-tliird of an inch long (see Fig. 
37), with a three-sided body, black, varied with chestnut- 
brown, with a large white spot on each side, which extended 
forward becomes a band across the front. There is also a 
white baud across the hind part of its back, and a protuber- 
ance extending upwards on the front part of its body. 



ATTAOKIHa THE LEAVES. 

No. 20. — The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar. 

CUsiocampa Americana Harris. 

This insect is a native of the more northern Atlantic States, 
and has probably been carried westward in the egg-state at- 
tached to the twigs of young trees. It inhabits now almost 

Fig. 38. 





all parts of the United States and Canada. The moth is of 
a pale dull-reddish or reddish-brown color, crossed by two 
oblique ])arallel whitish lines, the space between these lines 
being usually paler than the general color, although some- 
times quite as dark, or darker. In the male (Fig. 38) the 
antennse are pectinate, or feather-like, and slightly so in the 
female (Fig. 39). When fully expanded, the wings of the 
female will measure an inch and a half or more across; the 
male is smaller. The hollow tongue or tube by which mo hs 
and butterflies imbibe their food is entirely wanting in this 
species ; hence it has no power of taking food, and lives but 
a very few days in tlie winged state, merely long enough lo 



48 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

provide for a future generation by the deposition of eggs. 
The moth remains at rest and concealed during the day, but 
becomes very active at night, when it enters lighted rooms, 
attracted by the glare, and becomes so dazzled and bewildered 
that it darts crazily about, here and there, thumping itself 
against the walls, furniture, and floor of the room in the 
most erratic manner, then circles around the lamp or gas-light 
with great velocity, finally dashing into the flame, when, with 
wings and antennaj severely singed, it retreats into some ob- 
scure corner. Tl e moths are most abundant during the first 
two weeks in July. 

The eggs are deposited during that month upon 
Fig. 40. the smaller twigs of our fruit-trees in ring-like clus- 
ters, each composed of from fifteen to twenty rows, 
containing in all from two to three hundred. The 
eggs are conical and about one-twentieth of an inch 
long, firmly cemented together, and coated with a 
tough varnish, impervious to rain, the clusters pre- 
senting the aj)pearance siiown in Fig. 40. In Fig. 
41, at c, a similar cluster is shown with the gummy 
covering removed, showing the manner in which the 
eggs are arranged. 

The young larvjfi are fully matured in the egg 
before winter comes, and they remain in this enclosure in a 
torpid state throughout the cold weathei', hatching during the 
first warm days of spring. They usually appear during the 
last week in April or early in May, depending much on the 
prevailing temperature. Their first meal is made of por- 
tions of the gummy material with which the egg-masses are 
covered, and with the strength thus gained they proceed at 
once to work. At this time the buds are bursting, thus pro- 
viding these young larvse with an abundance of suitable tender 
food. It sometimes happens, however, that after they are 
hatched cold weather returns and vegetable growth is tempo- 
rarily arrested. To meet tliis emergency they have the power 
of sustaining hunger for a considerable time, and will usually 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



49 



live from ten to twelve days when wliolly deprived of food ; 
but severe frost is fatal to them in this tender condition, and 
multitudes of them sometimes perish from this cause. These 
Lirvae are tent-makers, and soon after birth they begin to con- 
struct for themselves a shelter by extending sheets of web 
across the nearest fork of the twig upon which they were 



Fig. 41. 



^ WHu 




hatched. As they increase in size, they construct additional 
layers of silk over those previously made, attaching them to 
the neighboring twigs, and leaving between the layers space 
enough for the caterpillars to pass. The tent or nest when 
completed is irregular in form, about eight or ten inches in 
diameter, and the holes through which the caterpillars enter 
are situated near the extremities or angles of the nest, and into 
this they retreat at night or in stormy weather, also at other 

4 



50 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

times when not feeding. In five or six weeks they become 
full grown, and then measure about an inch and three-quarters 
in length, and present the appearance shown in Fig. 41. The 
body is hairy and black, with a white stripe down the back, 
and on each side of this central stripe there are a number of 
short, irregular, longitudinal yellow lines. On the sides are 
paler lines, with sj)ots and streaks of pale blue. The under 
side of the body is nearly black. 

These caterpillars have regular times for feeding, issuing 
from the openings in their tent in processional order, usually 
once in the forenoon and once in ■ the afternoon. In very 
warm weather they sometimes repose upon the outside of the 
nest, literally covering it and making it appear quite black 
with their bodies. They are very voracious, and devour the 
leaves of the trees they are on with great rapidity ; it is esti- 
mated that each larva when approaching maturity will con- 
sume two leaves in a day, so that every day that a nest of such 
marauders is permitted to remain on a tree there is a sacrifice 
of about five hundred leaves. Where there happen to be 
several nests on one tree, or if the tree itself is small, they 
often strip every vestige of foliage from it, and in neglected 
orchards the trees are sometimes seen as bare of leaves in 
June as they are in midwinter. As the caterpillars arrive at 
maturity they leave the trees and wander about in all direc- 
tions in search of suitable places in which to hide during 
their chrysalis stage. A favorite place is the angle formed by 
the projection of the cap-boards of fences or fence-posts. 

Here they construct oblong oval cocoons (Fig. 41, d) of a 
yellow color, formed of a double web, the outer one loosely 
woven and slight in texture, the inner one tough and thick. 
In its construction the silk is mixed with a pasty substance, 
which, when dry, becomes powdery and resembles sulphur in 
appearance. Within these cocoons the larvse change to brown 
chrysalids, from which, in about two or three weeks, the 
moths escape. This insect feeds on many different trees, but 
is ])articularly fond of the apple and wild cherry. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 51 

Remedies. — Since the tent-caterpillar is so easily detected 
by its conspicuous nest, it need never become very trouble- 
some, as the larvae may be easily destroyed while sheltering 
within it. They seldom leave the nest to feed until after 9 
A.M., and usually return before sundown ; hence the early and 
late hours of the day are the best times for destroying them. 
With a suitable ladder and a gloved hand the living mass 
may be seized and crushed in a moment, or the nest may be 
torn from the tree and trampled under foot. Wliere a ladder 
is not at hand, the nests may be removed by a pole with a 
bunch of rags tied around the end of it. This work is most 
easily done while the larvse are young, and should be at- 
tended to as soon as the cobweb-like nests can be seen. Some- 
times when the nest is destroyed a portion of the caterpillars 
will be absent feeding, and within a few days it may be found 
partly repaired, with the remnants of the host within it : so 
that to subdue them entirely repeated visits to the orchard 
should be made, and not a fragment of a nest permitted to 
remain. Governments might well enforce under penalties the 
destruction of these caterpillars, as their nests are so conspic- 
uous that there can be no excuse for neglecting to destroy 
them, and it is unfair that a careful and vigilant fruit-grower 
should be compelled to suffer from year to year from the 
neglect of a careless or indolent neighbor. Neglected trees 
are soon stripped of their leaves, and become prematurely 
exhausted by having to reproduce at an unseasonable time 
their lost foliage; with fruit-trees this is so great a tax on 
their vital powers that they usually bear little or no fruit the 
following season. The egg-clusters may be sought for and 
destroyed during the winter months, when, the trees being 
leafless, a practised eye will readily detect them. A cloudy 
day should be selected for this purpose, to avoid the incon- 
venience of too much glare from the sky. 

Several parasites attack this insect. A minute Ichneumon 
fly, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in length, is parasitic on 
the eggs. By means of a long ovipositor it bores through 




52 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE 

the outer gummy covering and egg-shell, and deposits its eggs 
within the egg of the tent-caterpillar, where the young grubs 
of the parasite hatch and feed upon the contents of the egg- 
shell of our enemy. A small mite, very similar to that shown 
in Fig. 31, is also very destructive to these eggs, eating into 
them and feeding on their occupants. Two larger Ichneumon 
flies prey upon the caterpillar, Pimpla 
conquisitor (Say) (Fig. 42) and Ichneu- 
mon Isetus Brulle, as well as one or more 
species of Tachina flies, two-winged in- 
sects a little larger than the common 
house-fly, similar to Fig. 46. All these 
latter parasites watch their opportunity 
when the growing caterpillar is feeding, 
and deposit their eggs on or under the 
skin of their victim, which shortly hatch, when the grubs 
burrow into the bodies of the tent-caterpillars and feed on 
them, carefully avoiding the destruction of the vital organs. 
The infested larvae nsually reach maturity and construct their 
cocoons, but after a time, instead of the moth, one or more of 
these friendly insects make their aj)pearance. Several preda- 
ceous insects also devour the larvae ; these are referred to in 
detail under No. 21. 

No. 21. — The Forest Tent-caterpillar. 

Clisiorampa sylvatica Harris. 

This in-sect closely resembles the common tent-caterj)illar, 
No. 20. The moth (6, Fig. 43) is of a similar color, but 
])aler, or more yellowish. The space between the two oblique 
lines is usually darker than the rest of the wing, and the 
lines themselves are dark brown instead of whitish. In the 
figure, a represents the egg-cluster, c one of the eggs, much 
enlarged, as seen from the top, d a side-view of the same. 

The eggs of this species may be distinguished by their 
almost uniform diameter and by their being cut ofl" squarely 
at each end. The number of eggs in each cluster is usually 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



53 




from three to four hundred ; they are white, about one-twenty- 
fifth of an inch h)ng, and one-fortieth wide, rounded at the 
base, gradually enlarg- 
ing towards the apex, 
where they are mar- 
gined by a prominent 
rim, and have a sunken 
spot in the centre. The 
eggs are deposited in 
circles, and with each 
one is secreted a small 
quantity of gummy 
matter, whicli firmly 
fastens it to the twig and also to the adjoining egg, and upon 
becoming dry forms a coating of brown varnish over the pale 
egg. Like the tent-caterpillar, the young larvae become fully 
formed in the egg's before winter, and remain within them in 
a torpid condition until spring. 

The larvse in this instance also hatch about the time of the 
bursting of the buds, and in the absence of food are endowed 
with similar powers of endurance. It is said they have been 
known to survive a fVist of three weeks' duration. While 
young, they spin a slight web or tent against the side of the 
trunk or branches of the tree on which they are situated, but, 
from its peculiar color or slight texture, it is seldom noticed. 
In this early stage they often manifest strange processionary 
habits, marching about in single or double column, one larva 
so immediately following another that when thus crossing a 
sidewalk or other smooth surface they appear at a little dis- 
tance like black streaks or pieces of black cord stretched 
across it. From the time they are half grown, until they 
approach maturity, they seem to have a great fondness for 
exercise, and delight to travel in rows along fence-boards, 
wiiich they do at a very brisk pace when in search of food. 

In about six weeks this larva becomes full grown (Fig. 
44), and is then an inch and a half or more in length, of a 



54 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 44. 




pale-bluish color, sprinkled all over with black points and 
dots. On the back is a row of ten or eleven oval or diamond- 
shaped white spots, by which it may be at 
once distinguished from the common tent- 
caterpillar, while on the sides there are pale- 
yellowish stripes, somewhat broken, and 
mixed with gray. The hairs on the body are 
fox-colored, mixed with coarser whitish hairs. 
The caterpillars attain full growth about the 
middle of June. 

Occasionally, during the latter part of 
May, when about half grown and extremely 
voracious, these larvae will appear in per- 
fect swarms and attract general attention. 
During the latter part of the day, and fre- 
quently also in the morning, they collect on the trunks and 
larger branches of the trees in large black masses, which are 
so easily reached that they seem to invite destruction. While 
particularly injurious to the apple, they also attack various 
species of forest-trees, such as oak, thorn, ash, basswood, beech, 
plum, cherry, walnut, hickory, etc., and sometimes large 
clumps of wood may be seen in June quite bare of foliage 
from the devastation caused by this insect, while underneath 
the ground is covered with small black grains of exuvia. 
It is often very abundant in the West, and occasionally equally 
destructive in the South, especially in Georgia and Tennessee. 
When full grown, this larva spins a cocoon (see Fig. 45) 
closely resembling that of the tent-caterpillar, usually within 
the shelter of a leaf, the edges of which are partly drawn 
together. Within such an enclosure there is generally one 
cocoon, but in times of great abundance, and where the en- 
closure is large enough, there are often two or three cocoons 
together. At such periods almost every leaf or fragment of 
a leaf is so occupied, and, the whitish-yellow cocoons being 
only partly hidden, and the leaves hanging with their weight, 
one is impressed with the idea that the tree is laden with some 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



00 



Fig. 45. 



strange sort of fruit. If leaves cannot be had for shelter, the 
cocoons will be found under the bark of trees, in every suit- 
able crevice or hiding-place in 
fences, or under logs. In two 
or three days the enclosed larva 
changes to a ciirysalis of a red- 
dish-brown color, densely clothed 
with short pale-yellowish hair, 
and in the course of two or three 
weeks the moth appears, which, 
like the insect last described, 
jS'o. 20, is noctuiMial in its habits, 
and lives but a few days, when, 
having provided for the contin- 
uance of its species, it perishes. 
Remedies. — The egg-clusters 
should be sought for and de- 
stroyed during the winter 
months. Wlien the caterpillars 
are young, they will drop, sus- i 
pended by a silken thread, in ||^ lij 
mid-air, if the branch on which 
they are feeding be suddenly 
struck ; advantage may be taken 
of this habit, and by swinging 
a stick around, the threads may 

be gathered in with the larvse attached to them. When the 
caterpillars have become half grown, the trees should be 
frequently inspected, early in the morning, and tlie congregated 
masses crushed and destroyed with a stiff broom or some 
other equally suitable implement. During the day they are 
so constantly on the move, that a young tree thoroughly 
cleansed from them in the morning may be crowded again 
before evening. To avoid the necessity of constant watch- 
ing, strips of cotton batting, three or four inches wide, should 
be tied around the tree about half-way up the trunk ; these 




56 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



bands should be tied tightly in the middle. Each caterpillar 
is furnished with four pairs of fleshy ])rolegs, which are 
fringed with small horny hooks, and on the insect's trying 
to pass over the cotton these hooks get so entangled in the 
fibres that further progress becomes very difficult, and is 
seldom persisted in. A shower of rain will pack the fibres 
of the cotton somewhat, but where the string fastening it is 
tied around the middle, the upper half washes down and 
makes a sort of roof overhanging the lower portion, which in 
great measure protects it from the weather. 

These larvae are seldom abun- 
dant for many years in succession, 
for in times of great plenty their 
natural enemies multiply with 
amazing rapidity. Several par- 
asites destroy them. Two species 
of Ichneumon flies prey on them, 
also a two-winged Tachina fly, 
closely resembling the Red-tailed 
Tachina fly, Nemorsea leucanias (Kirkp.) (Fig. 46), which 
attacks the army-worm, but this fly is without the red tail. 



Fio. 46. 




Fig. 47. 




Fig. 48. 




A species of bug (Hemiptera) attacks the larvae just when 
they are constructing their cocoons, and sucks them empty, 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 57 

while some of the insect-feeding birds devour them greedily, 
especially the black-billed cuckoo. There are several species 
of predaceous insects belonging to the Carabkhe, or ground- 
beetles, which are very active in their habits, and diligently 
hunt for them and eat them, notably the Green Caterpillar- 
hunter, Calosoma scrutator (Fabr.) (Fig. 47), and the Coj)per- 
spotted Calosoma, Calosoma calidum (Fabr.) (Fig. 48). They 
are sometimes destroyed in great numbers by a fungoid disease, 
which arrests their progress when 
about full grown, and the affected ^iQ- 40. 

specimens may be found attached to 
fences and trees, retaining an ap- 
pearance almost natural, but when 
handled they will often be found so 
much decayed as to burst with a 
gentle touch. An Ichneumon fly, 
Pimpla pedalis Cresson (Fig. 49), is a parasite on this larva, 
while mites prey upon the eggs, identical with those which 
feed on the eggs of the common tent-caterpillar. 

No. 22.— The White-marked Tussock-moth. 

Orgyia leiicoafif/ma (Sin. it Abb.). 

The orchardist, walking among his fruit-trees after the 
leaves have fallen, or during the winter months, will fre- 
quently find a dead leaf or leaves fastened here and there to 
the branches of his trees ; on examination, these will usually 
be found to contain a gray cocoon, with in most instances a 
mass of eggs fastened to it. On breaking into this mass, 
which is brittle, it will be found to include from three hun- 
dred to five hundred eggs, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch 
in diameter, of a white color, nearlv globular, and flattened 
on the upper side. They are placed in three or four layers, 
the interstices being filled with a frothy, gelatinous matter, 
which makes them adhere securely together, and over all is 
a thick coating of the same material, with a nearly smooth 
grayish-white surface, of a convex form, which effectually 



58 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



])i-events the lodgment of any water on it. The egg-mass is 
attached to an empty gray cocoon, the former abode of tlie 
female wliich deposited them. 

About the middle of May the eggs hatch, when tiie young 
larvse at once .proceed to devour the leaves of the tree on 
which they are placed, when disturbed letting tiiemselves 
down by a silken thread, remaining suspended until danger 
is past, when they climb up the thread and regain their 
former position. When mature, they are very handsome, 
and present the appearance shown in Fig. 50, are more than 




'^'^ ^ ^^- >^y #j f>r^'^ ^'^'^ 





an inch long, of a bright-yellow color, with the head and two 
small protuberances on the hinder part of the back of a bril- 
liant coral-red. Along the back there are four cream-colored 
brush-like tufts, two long black plumes on the anterior part 
of the body, and one on the posterior. The sides are clothed 
with long, fine yellow hairs. There is a narrow black or 
brown stripe along the back, and a wider dusky stripe on 
each side. There are two broods during the season, the first 
completing their larval growth and spinning their cocoons 
about the middle of July; the second hatching towards the 
last of July and completing their growth by the end of 
August, the moths from these latter depositing the eggs, 
which remain on the trees during the winter. 

The cocoon, as already stated, is spun in the leaf; it is of 
a loose texture, gray in color, and has woven into it numerous 
hairs derived from the body of the caterpillar. The enclosed 
chrysalis is of an oval form and brown color, sometimes whitish 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



59 



Oil the under side, aiid is covered with short hairs or down. 
In about a fortnight the raoth of the summer brood is hatched, 
when one might reasonably expect that from so iiandsonie a 
caterpiUar there would appear a motli witii some correspond- 
ing beauty, but any such expectation is doomed to disappoint- 
ment. In Fig. 51, e shows the chrysalis of the female, and 
d that of the male. 

The female moth is wingless, or provided with the merest 
rudiments of wings ; her body is of a light-gray color, of an 



Fig. 51. 



Fig. 52. 



Fig. 53. 




(' cl 





oblong-oval form, with rather long legs, and is distended 
with eggs; indeed, she is more like an animated bag of eggs 
than anything else. (See Fig. 52, where she is represented 
attached to the empty cocoon from which she has escaped.) 
After her escape, she patiently waits the attendance of the 
male, and then begins to place her eggs on the outside of 
her own cocoon, fastening them there in the manner already 
described. During this process her body contracts very 
much, and soon after her work is finished she drops down 
to the ground and dies. 

The male moth (Fig. 53) is of an ashen-gray color, the 
fore wings being crossed by wavy bands of a darker shade ; 
there is a small black spot on the outer edge near the tip, an 
oblique blackish stripe beyond it, and a minute white crescent 
near the outer hind angle. The body is gray, with a small 
black tuft near the base of the abdomen. The wings, when 
expanded, measure about an inch and a quarter across. 



60 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

Since the female is wingless, and invariably attaches her 
eggs to the outside of her own cocoon, the insect can only 
spread by the wanderings of the caterpillars, or the careless 
introduction of eggs on young trees. No doubt the latter 
has been the most prolific source of mischief. Although 
not usually very injurious, it becomes at times a perfect pest 
to the fruit-grower, stripping the trees almost bare of leaves 
and disfiguring the fruit by gnawing its surface. While 
very partial to the apple, it attacks also the plum and pear, 
and is said to feed occasionally on the elm, maple, horse-chest- 
nut, and oak. 

Remedies. — The increase of this insect may be easily pre- 
vented by collecting and destroying the eggs during the win- 
ter months. In gathering the cocoons, all those having no 
egg-masses attached should be left, as they contain either the 
empty chrysalids of the male or the chrysalids of parasites. 
Nine different species of flies, four-winged and two- winged, 
are known to be parasitic on this insect in the caterpillar state. 

No. 23. — The Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar. 

Datana rninistra (Drury). 

The moth of this species was first described by Mr. Drmy, 
an eminent English entomologist, in 1773, from specimens 

received by him from New 

_«=»_ York. It measures, when 

its wings are expanded, 

about two inches across 

(see Fig. 54), and is of a 

light- brown color, with the 

' s. head and a large spot on 

^^ the thorax chestnut-brown. 

On the fore wings there are 

from three to five transverse brown lines, one or two spots 

near the middle (sometimes wanting), and the outer margin 

also of the same color. The hind wings are pale yellow, 

without markings. When in repose, the hinder part of its 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 61 

body is raised up, and the fore legs stretched out. The 
moths appear from the middle of June until the end of July. 

Eiic'li leinale deposits her stock of eggs in a single cluster 
of from seventy to one hundred in number. Tiiey are white, 
round, less than one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, placed 
side by side in nearly straight rows, and firmly cemented to 
each other, as well as to the surface of the leaf on which they 
are placed. Those first laid begin to hatch during the third 
week in July, while others are three or four weeks later, so 
that some broods are nearly full grown, while others are 
small and but a few days old. 

The young larvae eat only the under side and pulpy part 
of the leaves, leaving the veins and upper side untouched, but 
as they increase in size and strength they devour the whole 
of the leaf except the stem. When young they are brown, 
striped with white, but as they mature they become darker 
in color, with yellow stripes ; they attain their full growth in 
about five or six Aveeks, when they are about two inches long. 
The head is large and black, the next segment, sometimes 
called the neck, of a dull orange color, a black stripe ex- 
tending down the back, and three stripes of the same color 
alternating with four yellow stripes on each side. The body 
is thinly clothed with long, soft, whitish hairs. The larvae 
are invariably found clustered closely together on a limb, on 
which, beginning with the tender leaves at the extremity, they 
gradually devour all before them, leaving the branch per- 
fectly bare. Its leafless condition soon attracts attention, and 
on examination it is found to be loaded with these caterpil- 
lars crowded together. The position they assume when at 
rest is very odd, and is well shown in Fig. 55 ; both ex- 
tremities are raised, the body being bent, and resting only 
on the four middle pairs of legs. If touched or alarmed, 
they throw up their heads and tails with a jerk, at the same 
time bending the body until the two extremities almost meet 
over the back ; they also jerk their heads from side to side. 
They all eat together, crowded upon the under surface of 




62 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

the leaves, along the margins of which appears a row of 
shining black heads, with each mouth busily engaged in de- 
vouring the portion near it, and when 
Fig. 55. tlie meal is finished they arrange 

themselves side by side along the 
branches which they have stripped. 
If one branch does not afford food 
enough, they attack another; and 
when full grown and ready to trans- 
form, they nearly all leave the tree 
at the same time, descending by night 
to the ground, where they burrow 
under the surface to the depth of from two to four inches, 
and after a time cast their caterpillar skins and become 
naked, brown chrysalids. They remain in the pupa state 
until the following July, when the moths escape and take 
wing. 

Although sometimes very abundant and destructive, this 
insect is not usually very common ; some years a few clusters 
may be seen, and then several seasons may pass before they 
are met with again. The nakedness of the limbs they attack 
soon attracts attention, when the larvae may be easily de- 
stroyed by crushing them on the tree, or by cutting off the 
branches and throwing them into the fire. A small Ichneu- 
mon parasite is known to prey on them, which may in some 
measure account for the irregularity of their appearance. 

No. 24. — The Red-humped Apple-tree Caterpillar. 

(Edemasia concinna (Sm. & Abb.). 

This insect very much resembles in habits the yellow- 
necked apple-tree caterpillar (No. 23). 

The moth (Fig. 56) appears about the last of June. The 
fore wings are dark brown on the inner, and grayish on the 
outer margin, with a dot near the middle, a spot near each 
angle, and several longitudinal streaks along the hind margin, 
all dark brown. The hind wings of the male are brownish, 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 03 

or dirty white, those of the female dusky brown ; the body 
is liglit brown, the thorax of a darker shade. Wheu ex- 
panded, the wings measure from an inch to an inch and a 
quarter across. 

The female deposits her eggs in a cluster, on the under side 
of a leaf, during the month of July, where they shortly hatch 
into tiny caterpillars, which at first consume only the sub- 
stance of the under sitle of the leaf, leaving the upper surface 
unbroken, but as they increase in size they eat the entire leaf. 
When not eating, they remain close together, sometimes com- 
pletely covering the branch they rest upon. Having come 
to maturity, which occurs during August or early in Septem- 
ber, the larva a])pears as re[)resented in Fig. 57. The head 

Fig. 50. Fig. 57. 




is coral-red, and there is a hump on the back on the fourth 
ring or segment of the same color ; the body is traced length- 
wise by slender black, yellow, and white lines, and has two 
rows of black prickles along the back, and other shorter ones 
upon the sides, from each of which there arises a fine hair. 
The hinder segments taper a little, and are always elevated, 
as shown in the figure, when the insect is not crawling. It 
measures, when full grown, about an inch and a quarter long. 
These caterpillars entirely consume the leaves of the branch 
on which they are placed, and wheu the.se are insufficient the 
adjoining branches are laid under tribute. When handled, 
they discharge a transparent fluid having a strong acid smell, 
which doubtless .serves as a defence again.st enemies, especially 
birds, since their habit of feeding openly in large flocks ren- 
ders them particularly liable to attack from these ever-active 
foes. 




64 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

When full grown, they all disappear about the same time, 
desceiiiling from the trees to the ground, where they con- 
ceal themselves under leaves, upon or slightly under the sur- 
face, and after a long time change to brown chrysaiids, as 
shown in Fig. 58, and remain in the pupa state until late in 
June or early in July of the following year, when 
Fig. 58. ^jjg perfect moths appear. 

In the North there is only one brood during the 
year, but in the South they are said to be double- 
brooded. They are very generally distributed, but 
seldom abundant, and, while preferring the apple, 
feed also on the plum, cherry, rose, thorn, and pear. 
As they maintain their gregarious habits during their en- 
tire larval existence, they can easily be gathered and destroyed, 
either by cutting off the limb and burning it, or by dislodg- 
ing them by suddenly jarring the limb, when they fall to the 
ground and may be trampled under foot. These larvae are 
also destroyed by parasites belonging to the family of Ichneu- 
mons, but it is not yet known to what species we are indebted 
for this friendly help. 

Nos. 25 and 26. — Canker-worms. 

Anisopteryx vernata (Peck), and A. pometaria Harris. 

These are two distinct species of insects which have been 
confounded under the common name of canker-worm, and, as 
their habits and appearance are so similar, it will be conveni- 
ent to treat of them under one heading. The moths from the 
s\)ec\es pomefaria leave the ground chiefly in the fall, those of 
vernata partly in the fall, but more abundantly in the spring. 

A. jpometaria, known as the Fall Canker-worm, will first 
claim our attention. Late in the season, when many of the 
leaves have fallen, and severe frosts have cut everything that 
is tender, a walk in the woods or through the orchard on a 
sunny afternoon is not void of interest. Here and there slen- 
der, delicate, silky-winged moths may be seen flitting about, 
enjoying the sunshine. On capturing one and examining it 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



65 



Fig. 59. 




closely, we find it to be almost transparent, and one is led to 
wonder why so frail a creature should select so bleak a season 
in which to appear; but, delicate as its structure seems to be, 
it is nevertheless one of the hardiest of its race, requiring, 
indeed, a considerable degree of cold for its perfect develop- 
ment. These are the male moths of the canker-worm, and 
chiefly those of j30?netoria,' the fall canker-worm. The females 
are wingless. 

The eggs of this species [a and 6, Fig. 59) are flattened 
above, have a central puncture and a brown circle near the 
border, are laid side by side in 
regular masses [e, Fig. 59), often 
as many as a hundred together, 
and generally placed in exposed 
situations on the twigs or branches 
of the tree. They usually hatch 
about the time when the young 
leaves of the apple push from 
the bud, when the little canker- 
Avorms cluster upon and consume the tender leaves, and, on 
the approach of cold or wet weather, creep for shelter into the 
bosom of the expanding bud or into the opening flowers. 
The newly-hatched caterpillar is of a pale olive-green color, 
with the head and horny part of the second segment of a very 
pale hue. When full grown, it measures about an inch in 
length, presenting the appearance shown at/. Fig. 59 ; in the 
same figure, c represents a side view of one of the segments 
of the body, enlarged so as to show its markings. These 
caterpillars are called loopers, because they alternately looj) 
and extend their bodies when in motion. They are also 
known as measuring-worms. They vary in color from 
greenish yellow to dusky or even dark brown, with brond 
longitudinal yellowish or paler stripes along each side. When 
not eating, they usually assume a stiff ])osture, either flat 
and parallel with the twigs on which they rest, or at an angle 
of about forty-five degrees; in either case, since they closely 

6 



66 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



resemble in color the branch on which they rest, they nsu- 
ally elude detection. When full grown, they leave the trees 
either by creeping down the trunk or by letting themselves 
down by silken threads from the branches. When thus sus- 
pended in great numbers, as is frequently the case, under the 
limbs of trees overhanging roads and sidewalks, they become 
a great annoyance, especially to sensitive people, and are often 
swept off by passing vehicles, and in this manner sometimes 
distributed over a considerable area. 

Having reached the ground, they burrow into it to a depth 
of from two to six inches, where they make a rather tough 
cocoon of buff-colored silk, interwoven with particles of 
earth. The chrysalis is about half an inch long, of a light 
grayish-brown color, that of the male slender and furnished 
with wing-cases, that of the female larger and without wing- 
cases. . The chrysalids remain in the ground throughout the 
summer, and the moths usually appear on the wing during the 
mild weather which succeeds the first severe frosts in autumn. 
The female moth of each species is without wings, and 
sluggish in movement, with a very odd spider-like appearance. 

(See b, Fig. 60.) With 
a body distended with 
eggs, she drags her 
weary way along in a 
most ungainly manner 
until she reaches the 
base of a suitable tree, 
up which she climbs, and there awaits the arrival of the male. 
Her body is of a uniform shining ash color above, and gray 
beneath; it is from three to four tenths of an inch in length. 
The fore wings of the male (Fig. 60, a) are of a brownish- 
gray color, very glossy, and are crossed by two rather irregu- 
lar whitish bands, the outer one enlarging near the apex, 
where it forms a large pale spot. The hind wings are 
grayish brown, with a faint central blackish dot and a more 
or less distinct wiiitish band crossing them. 



Fig. 60. 




^rU-/ ' re} 



'^L1^^0 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 67 

Anisopteryx vernata, known as the Spring Canker-worm, 
has an oval-shaped egg, shown at b in Fig. 61, highly mag- 
nified; the natural size is shown in 
the small cluster adjoining ; they are ^^' 

of a very delicate texture and pearly 
lustre, and are laid in masses with- 
out any regularity or order in their 
arrangement, often as many as a 
hundred together, usually hidden in 
crevices of the bark of trees. They 
iiatch at the same time as the other s])ecies. 

The young caterpillar is of a dark olive-green or brown 
color, with a black shining head, and a horny plate of the 
same color on the top of the next segment; they, too, are 
about an inch long when full grown, and present then the 
appearance shown at a, Fig. 61. In the same figure, c rep- 
resents a side view, and d a back view, of one of the segments, 
enlarged so as to show their markings more distinctly. 

When full grown, this caterpillar closely resembles that of 
the other species, and the body is equally variable in color. 
In this the head is mottled and spotted, and has two pale 
transverse lines in front ; the body is longitudinally striped 
with many narrow pale lines ; along the sides it becomes 
deeper in color, and down the middle of the back are some 
blackish spots. Their habits are similar to those of the other 
species, and they attain full growth about the same time. 

The chrysalids, which are found about the same depth 
under ground, are similar in color to those of pometaria, but 
the cocoon is much more fragile, and is easily torn to pieces. 
Sometimes the moth escapes from the chrysalis in the autumn, 
but more frequently during the first warm days of spring. 

The abdomen of the female (6, Fig. 62), as well as that of 
the male, has in this species, upon the hinder margin of each 
of the rings, two transverse rows of stiff reddish spines ; at 
d in the figure is represented a joint of the abdomen, en- 
larged, showing these spines. The female also has a retractile 



68 



JMSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 




\%:'^\'>^ 



ovipositor, shown in the figure at e; this is wanting in the 
other species ; c represents a portion of one of her antennae. 

TJie fore wings of 
the male are paler than 
in pometaria, and more 
tratisparent ; they are 
ash-colored or brown- 
ibh gray, and of a silky 
appearance. A broken 
whitish band crosses the wings near the outer margin, and 
three interrupted brownish lines between that and the base ; 
there is an oblique black dash near the tip of the fore wings, 
and a nearly continuous black line at the base of the fringe. 
The hind wings are plain pale ash color, or very light gray, 
with a dusky dot about the middle. 

Remedies. — To attack an enemy with success it is essential 
that we know his vulnerable points. In this instance, since 
the females are without wings, if they can be prevented from 
crawling up the trees to deposit their eggs, a great point will be 
gained. Various measures have been employed to secure this 
end, all belonging to one or other of two classes, — first, those 
that prevent the ascension of the moth by entangling her feet 
and holding her there, or by drowning her ; second, those 
which look to a similar end by preventing her from getting a 
foothold, and causing her to fall repeatedly, to the ground 
until she becomes exhausted and dies. In the first class is 
included tar, mixed with oil to prevent its drying, and applied 
either directly around the body of the tree, or on strips of old 
canvas or stiff paper, about five or six inches wide, and tied 
in the middle with a string ; refuse sorghum molasses, printer's 
ink, and slow-drying varnishes, are used in a similar manner. 
Tin, lead, and rubber troughs, to contain oil, also belong to 
this class of remedies, and have all been used with more or 
less success. In the use of any of the first-named sticky 
substances, it should be borne in mind that they must be kept 
sticky by frequent renewal of the surface in mild weather, or 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 69 

the application will be useless; they siiould also be applied 
as early as the latter part of October, and kept on until the 
leaves are expanded in the following spring. It must also be 
remembered that some of the moths, defeated in their attempts 
to climb the trees, will de{)osit their eggs near the ground, or 
anywhere, in fact, below the barrier, and that the tiny young 
worms hatched from them will pass without difficulty through 
a very small opening. Hence, whether troughs or bandages 
are used, care nuist be taken to fill up all the irregularities of 
surface in the bark of the trees, so that no openings shall be 
left through which they may pass. Cotton batting answers 
well in most cases for this purpose. 

The second class of remedies consists of various ingenious 
devices, in the way of collars of metal, wood, or glass fastened 
around the tree and sloping downward like an inverted funnel. 
These, although they prevent the moths from ascending the 
tree, offer but little obstacle to the progress of the young 
caterpillars unless the openings between the collar and the 
tree are carefully packed, and hence they often fail of entire 
success. Those belonging to the first class are said to be the 
surest and best, and while it must be admitted that it involves 
much time and labor to renew so often and for so long a period 
the tar or other sticky application so as to make it an effectual 
barrier to the ascent of the insect, still it will pay, wherever 
the canker-worm abounds, to give this matter the attention 
requisite to insure success. The limited power of motion 
possessed by the female usually confines this insect within 
narrow limits, and hence it is local in its attacks, sometimes 
abounding in one orchard and being scarcely known in a 
neighboring one ; but when it has obtained a footing, and is 
neglected, it usually multiplies prodigiously. Strong winds 
will sometimes carry the larvse from one tree to another near 
by. When the worms are once on the tree, if the tree is 
small, they may be dislodged by jarring, when they all drop, 
suspended in mid-air by silken threads; then, by swinging a 
stick above them, the threads may be collected and the larvae 



70 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 63. 



brought to the ground and destroyed. Fall ploughing has 
been recommended to destroy the chrysalids by turning them 
up, when they are likely to be either killed by exposure or 
devoured by birds. Hogs also are very useful in destroying 
this pest by rooting up the chrysalids and eating them. 

These insects have many natural enemies. A small mite, 
Nothrus ovivorus Packard (Fig. 63), destroys the eggs. A 
minute parasitic fly deposits her eggs 
within the eoo-s of the canker-worm and 
destroys them. In the larval state they 
are preyed on by a small four-winged 
fly, a species of Microgaster, which, after 
having fed upon its victim to full growth, 
eats its way out, and constructs a small 
oval white cocoon attached to the body 
of the caterpillar. A species of Tachina, 
a two-winged fly similar to Fig. 46, No. 
21, is also a parasite on these worms. Predaceous insects 
also feed upon them, especially the Green Caterpillar-hunter 
(Fig. 47), the Copper-spotted Calosoma (Fig. 48), and the 
Rapacious Soldier-bug, Sinea diadema (Say) (Fig. 64). The 




Fig. 65. 



Fig. 64. 





Fraternal Potter-wasp, Eumenes fraternus Say (a. Fig. 65), 
stores the cells for her young with canker-worms, often placing 
as many as fifteen or twenty in a single cell. In the figure, at 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 71 

b is shown the clay cell of this insect entire ; at c the same cut 
through, showing how it is j)acked with these larvse. These 
cells are sometimes attached to plants and sometimes con- 
structed under the loose bark of trees. Insect-eating birds 
also devour large numbers of canker-worms. 

These insects are not confined to the apple-tree: elm- 
trees are frequently eaten bare by them ; they attack also 
the plum, cherry, linden, and many other trees. They are 
common in the Eastern and Western States, and also in some 
parts of Canada. 

No. 27.— The Fall Web-worm. 

Hyphaatria textor Harris. 

After the webs of the tent-caterpillars have been carefully 
removed in the spring, and the fruit-grower is perhaps flatter- 
ing himself with the idea that his troubles in this direction 
are about over, towards the end of summer he may be mor- 
tified to find his trees again adorned with webs enclosing 
swarms of liungry caterpillars, devouring the foliage. This is 
the fall web-worm, an insect totally different in all its stages 
from the common tent-caterpillar. The moth of this species 
deposits her eggs in broad patches on the under side of the 
leaves, near the end of a branch, during the latter part of 
May or early in June. These hatch in the month of June, 
July, or August; during the earlier period in the warmer 
districts, and later in the colder ones. 

As soon as the young larvae appear they begin to eat, and to 
spin a web over themselves for protection. They devour only 
the pulpy portion of the leaves, leaving the veins and skin of 
the under surface untouched. While young, they are of a 
pale-yellowish color, sparingly iiairy, with two rows of black 
marks along the body. When full grown, they are an inch 
or more in length, and vary greatly in their markings; some 
examples are pale yellow or greenish, others much darker and 
of a bluish-black hue. The head is black, and there is a broad 
dusky or blackish stripe down the back; along each side is a 



72 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 66. 




yellowish band, speckled more or less with black. The body 
is covered with long straight hairs, grouped in tufts, arising 

from small black or orange-yel- 
low protuberances, of which there 
are a number on each segment. 
The hairs are sometimes of a 
dirty white, with a few black 
ones interspersed, sometimes red- 
dish brown ; they are longest 
towards the extremities of the body. Unlike the common 
tent-caterpillars, these larvae do not wander from their nests 
to feed until nearly full grown, but extend the web over their 
whole feeding-ground, constantly enclosing fresh portions of 
the branch occupied, until sometimes the web covers a space 
several feet long, the whole enclosed portion having a scorched 
or withered look, as if it had been blighted. When nearly 
at their full growth, they suddenly abandon their social habits 
and scatter far and wide, feeding on almost any green thing 
they meet with. They are very active, and run briskly when 
disturbed. 

During September and October these caterpillars descend 
to the ground and burrow a short distance under the surface, 
or creep under crevices of bark or some such shelter above 
ground, where they form slight cocoons of silk, interwoven 
with hairs from their bodies. Within these cocoons they 
soon change to chrysalids of a dark-brown color (Fig. 67), 



Fig. 67. 



Fig. 68. 




smooth, polished, and faintly punctated, with a swelling about 
the middle. In this condition they remain until the following 
year. 

The moth (Fig. 68) is of a milk-white color, without spots ; 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 73 

the antennae are gray, those of the male doubly feathered be- 
low, those of the female with two rows of minute teeth only; 
tiie front thighs are tawny yellow, the feet blackish brown. 
When the wings are expanded they measure about one and 
a quarter inches across. The moth flies only at night. 

In the Northern United States and Canada there is only 
one brood of this insect in the season, but in the South it is 
frequently double-brooded, the first brood of tlie larvae ap- 
pearing in June, the second in August. It is a very general 
feeder; besides the apple, it also eats the leaves of the phim, 
cherry, pear, hickory, ash, elm, willow, oak, beech, button- 
wood, grape, currant, blackberry, raspberry, and clover. 

From their birth, the web-spinning habits of these larvae 
promptly lead to their detection, and as soon as seen tiiey 
should be removed by cutting off the twig or branch and 
destroying it; if beyond ordinary reach, the brancii may be 
cut off by attaching a pair of pruning-shears to a pole and 
pulling one handle with a string. As they remain constantly 
under the web for so long a period, the removal of the branch 
insures in most instances the destruction of 
the whole colony. 

No parasites have yet been recorded as 
preying on them, but many carnivorous in- 
sects devour them. The Spined Soldier-bug, 
Podisus sjyinosus (Dallas) (Fig. 69), attacks 
them, piercing their bodies with its beak 
and sucking them empty. This friendly insect is represented 
in the figure at 6, with one pair of wings extended, the other 
closed ; at a, a magnified view of the beak is given. 

No. 28. — The Cecropia Emperor-moth. 

Plaiysamia Cecropia (Linn.). 

Among the many beautiful insects native to this countrv, 
there are none which excite more delight and astonishment 
than the Cecropia moth. Its size, is enormous, measuring, 
when its wings are spread, from five to seven inches across, 




74 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



while its beauty is such as to charm all beholders. Fig. 70 
gives a very good representation of this magnificent moth. 




Both the front and hind wings are of a rich brown, the 
anterior pair grayish shaded with red, the posterior more 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 75 

uniformly brown, and about the middle of each of the wings 
is a nearly kidney-shaped white spot, shaded more or less with 
red, and margined with black. A wavy dull-red band crosses 
each of the wings, edged within with white, the edging wide 
and distinct on the hind wings, and more or less faint on the 
front pair. The outer edges of the wings are of a pale silky 
brown, in which, on the anterior pair, runs an irregular dull- 
black line, which on the hind wings is replaced by a double 
broken band of the same hue. The front wings, next to the 
shoulders, are dull red, with a curved white and black band, 
and near their tips is an eye-like spot with a bluish-white 
crescent. The upper side of the body and the legs are dull 
red, with a wide band behind the head, and the hinder edges 
of the rings of the abdomen white ; the under side of the 
body is also marked with white. 

During the winter months, when the apple-trees are leaf- 
less, the large cocoons of this insect are frequently found 
firmly attached to the twigs; they also occur on many other 
trees and shrubs, for in its caterpillar state it is a very 
general feeder. The cocoon (Fig. 71) is about three inches 
long and an inch or more broad in its widest jjart, pod- 
shaped, of a rusty -gray or brownish color; it is formed of 
two lavers of silk, the outer one not unlike strong; brown 
paper, and within this a quantity of loose silken fibres cover- 
ing an inner, oval, closely-woven cocoon, containing a large 
brown chrysalis. Snugly enclosed within this double wrap- 
per, the chrysalis remains uninjured by the variations of 
temperature during the winter. Late in May, or early in 
June, the pupa-case is ruptured by the struggles of its occu- 
pant, and the newly-born moth begins to work its way out 
of the cocoon ; to lessen the labor, a fluid is secreted from 
about the mouth, which softens the fibres; then a tearing, 
scraping sound is heard, made by the insect working with the 
claws on its fore feet, pulling away the softened threads and 
packing them on each side to make a passage for its body. 
The place of exit is the smaller end of the cocoon, which is 



76 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



more loosely made than any other part, and through which, after 
the internal obstacles are overcome, the passage is effected 

without much further trouble. First 
through the opening is thrust the 
front pair of bushy-looking legs, 
the sharp claws of which fasten on 
the outside structure ; then with an 
effort the head is drawn forward, 
displaying the beautiful feather-like 
antennae; next the thorax, on which 
are borne the other two pairs of 
legs, is liberated, and finally the 
escape is completed by the with- 
drawal of the abdomen. An odd- 
^1 looking creature it is at first, with 
"^^ its large, plump, juicy body, and its 
thick, small wings not much larger 
than those of a humble-bee. The 
insect now seeks a good location 
where the wings may hang down in 
a position favorable for expanding, 
when in a short time they undergo 
a marvellous growth, attaining their 
full size in from half an hour to an 
hour. 

Soon after their exit these moths 
seek their mates, and shortly the 
female begins to deposit her eggs, a 
process which occupies considerable 
time, since there are two or three 
hundred to dispose of, and they are 
usually laid in pairs, firmly fastened with a glutinous material, 
on the under side of a leaf of the tree or shrub which is to 
form the future food of the caterpillar. The egg is nearly 
one-tenth of an inch long, almost round, of a dull creamy- 
white color, with a reddish spot or streak near the middle. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



77 



The duration of the egg-state is usually from a week to tea 
days, when the young larva eats its way out, making its first 
meal of the empty egg-shell. At first it is black, with little 
shining black knobs on its body, from which arise hairs of 
the same color. With a ravenous appetite, its growth is very 
rapid, and from time to time its exterior coat or skin becomes 
too tiglit for its comfort, when it is ruptured and tlirowu off. 
At each of these changes or moultings the caterpillar appears 
in an altered garb, until finally it assumes the appearance 
represented in Fig. 72. It is a gigantic creature, from three 

Fig. 72. 




to four inches long, and nearly as thick as a man's thumb; 
its color is pale green ; the large warts or tubercles on the 
third and fourth segments are coral-red, the others on the 
back are yellow, except those on the second and terminal 
segments, which, in common with the smaller tubercles along 
the side, are blue. During its growth from the diminutive 
creature as it escapes from the egg to the monstrous-looking 
full-grown specimen, it consumes an immense amount of vege- 
table food ; and especially as it approaches maturity is this 
voracious appetite apparent. Where one or two have been 
placed on a young apple-tree, they may in a short time strip 
it entirely bare; the loss of foliage during the growing period 



78 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



prevents the proper ripening of the wood, and often endangers 
the life of the tree. 

Remedies. — The natural increase of this insect is great, and 
wise provisions have been made to keep it,within due bounds. 
Being so conspicuous an object, it often forms a dainty meal 
for the larger insectivorous birds ; there are also enemies 

which attack the egg and 
^^' young larva, and several 

species of parasites Avhich 
live within the body of 
the caterpillar, and finally 
destroy it either in the lar- 
val or the chrysalis state: 
it is believed that fully 
four-fifths of the larvae 
perish in this manner. The 
largest of these parasites, 
and perhaps the commonest 
of them all, is the Long- 
tailed Ophion, Ophion ma- 
cruruni (Linn.) (Fig. 73), a large, yellowish-brown Ichneumon. 
The female of this fly deposits her eggs on the skin of her 
victim, where the young larvse soon hatch, and, eating their 
way to the interior, prey upon the fatty portions of the cater- 
pillar. After the latter has attained full growth, formed its 

cocoon, and become a chrys- 
alis, the enclosed parasite 
causes its death. When full 
grown, the larva of this par- 
isite is a large, fat, footless 
grub (Fig. 74), which spins 
an oblong-oval cocoon with- 
in tlie Cecropia chrysalis, and escapes as a fly, sometimes in 
the autumn, but more frequently in the following spring. 
A two-winged fly, a species of Tachina (Fig. 46), is also very 
frequently found as a parasite on the caterpillar. The larva 




Fio. 74. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



79 



of this parasite is a fat, fleshy, footless grub, of a translucent 
yellow color, and about half an inch in length. A third para- 
site is a small four-winged fly, known as the Cecropia Chalcis- 
fly, Smicra marine (Riley) (Fig. 75). In the figure the fly is 



Fui. 75. 



Fig 76. 





much magnified ; the short lines at the side show its natural 

size. A fourth friendly helper is an Ichneumon fly, known 

under the name of the 

Cecropia Cryptus, Cryptus '" 

extrematls Cresson, whi(^h 

infests the Cecropia larva 

in great numbers, filling its 

chrysalis so entirely with 

its thin, papery cocoons 

that a transverse section 

bears a strong resemblance 

to a piece of honey-comb. 

(See Fig. 76.) The flies of 

this parasite escape in June, 

the female presenting the 

appearance shown in Fig. 

77, where it is much niMg- 

nified, the short line at the side showing its natural size. 

Another two-winged parasite is Gaurax anchora Loew. 

While very partial to the apple, the larva of Cecropia will 
also feed on the cherry, plum, jiear, maple, willow, lilac, Eng- 





80 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

lisli alder, red currant, and hazel ; also on the hickory, birch, 
elm, honey-locust, barberry, hawthorn, and elder. 

During the winter their cocoons should be looked for and 
destroyed ; the larvae also may be subdued by hand-picking, — 
their work, as well as their appearance, being so conspicuous 
that they are readily detected. 

No. 29. — The Unicorn Prominent. 

Coelodasijs unicornis (Sm. & Abb.), 

The larva of this moth is a very singular-looking creature. 
(See Fig. 78.) It is reddish brown, variegated with white, on 
the back, with a large brown head ; the 
Fig- 78. sides of the second and third segments 

are green, and from the top of the 
fourth a prominent horn is projected. 
There are on the body a few short 
hairs, scarcely visible to the naked eye ; 
the posterior segment, with the hinder most pair of feet, is 
always raised when the insect is at rest, but it generally uses 
these feet in walking. In August and September this larva 
may be found nearly full grown. At first eating a notch, 
about the size of its body, in the side of the leaf on which it 
is feeding, and placing itself in this notch, with the humps 
on its body somewhat resembling the irregularities in the 
margin of the partly-eaten leaf, it is not easily detected. 
Eventually it consumes the entire leaf, except a small portion 
of the base. When mature, it measures from an inch to an 
inch and a quarter in length, and, while generally solitary in 
its habits, sometimes three or four are found together eating 
the leaves of the same twig. Besides the apple, it feeds on 
the plum, dogwood, rose, alder, and winterberry. 

When full grown, which is towards the end of September, 
it descends from the tree, and under fallen leaves on the 
ground constructs a thin, almost transparent, papery cocoon, 
with bits of leaves attached to the outside. A considerable 
time elap.ses after the cocoon is formed before the caterpillar 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 81 

changes to a brown chrysalis. Tlie moth does not appear 
until the following summer, and is most common in July. 
(See Fig. 79.) 

The fore wings are light brown, variegated with patches 
of greenish white, with many wavy lines of a dark-brown 
color, two of which enclose a small 
whitish space ; at the base there 
is a short blackish mark near the 
middle; tlie tip and the outer hind 
margin are whitish, tinged with 
red in the males, and near the outer -. _^ ^ \u^,>- 

hind angle there are two black 

dashes and one small white dash. The hind wings of the 
male are dirty white, with a dusky spot on the inner hind 
angle, those of the female sometimes entirely dusky. The 
body is brownish, with two narrow black bands across the 
front part of the thorax. When the wdngs are expanded, 
this moth measures from an inch and a quarter to an inch 
and a half across. It is double-brooded in the South, the 
moths of the first brood appearing early in June, those of 
the second in August ; in the North it is also sometimes 
double-brooded. 

This insect is rarely present in sufficient numbers to do 
any material damage ; and it seldom attracts the notice of the 
fruit-grower, unless by the singular appearance of the cater- 
pillar and its remarkable combination of colors. No para- 
sites have yet been recorded as preying on it, though doubtless 
it suffers in this way in common with most other insects. 

No. 30. — The Turnus Swallow-tail. 
Papilio turnus Linn. 

Every one must have seen the large turnus swallow-tail 
butterfly floating about in the \varm days of June and July, 
enjoying the sunshine, drinking from the wayside pool, or 
sipping the honey from flowers. It is one of our largest and 
handsomest butterflies, measuring, when its wings are ex- 



82 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



panded, about four inches across, (See Fig. 80.) The wings 
are of a rich, pale lemon-yellow color, banded and bordered 
with black; on the fore wings are four black bars, the inner 
one extending entirely across the wing, the outer ones be- 
coming shorter as they approach the apex. Tlie front mar- 
gin is edged with black, and the outer margin has a wide 
border of the same, in which is set a row of eight or nine 
pale-yellow spots, the lower ones less distinct. 



Fig. 80. 




The hind wings are crossed by a streak of black, which is 
almost a continuation of the inner band on the fore wings; 
there is a short black streak a little beyond, and a wide black 
border, widening as it ai)proa(!hes the inner angle of the 
wing. Enclosed within this border, and towards its outer 
edge, are six lunnlar spots, the upper and lower ones reddish, 
the others yellow ; above and about these spots, and especially 
towards the inner angle of the wing, the black bordering is 
thickly powdered with blue scales. The outer margin of the 
hind wings is scalloped and partly edged with yellow; the 
inner maro:in is bordered with brownish black for about two- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 83 

thirds of its length, followed by a small yellow patch, which 
is succeeded by a larger black spot, centretl with a crescent of 
blue atoms, and bounded below by an irregular reddish spot, 
margined withiu with yellow. The hind wings termiuate in 
two long black tails edged on the inside with yellow. The 
body is hVdvk above, margined with pale yellowish; below, 
yellowish streaked with black. The under surface of the 
wings resembles the upper, but is paler. 

This insect passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and ap- 
pears first on the wing from the middle to the end of May, 
but becomes more plentiful during the latter part of June and 
early in July. The eggs are deposited singly on the leaves 
of the apple and other trees and shrubs on which the larva 
feeds; they are about one-twenty-fourth of an inch in diame- 
ter, nearly round, of a dark-green color, with a smooth sur- 
face. In about ten or twelve days the eggs begin to change 
color, becoming darker, and growing very dark just before 
the escape of the larvae. The very young caterpillars are 
black, roughened with small brownish-black tubercles, with 
the first segment thickened, of a dull, glossy flesh color, a 
prominent fleshy tubercle on each side, and a patch of white 
on the seventh and eighth segments. 

When full grown, it appears as in Fig. 81. It is then 
from an inch and a half to two inches long, with a rather 

large reddish-brown 

, 1 1 Fig. 81. 

iiead, and a green 

body, which is thick- 
est towards the head 
and tapers posteri- 
orly. On the an- 
terior segments the 

green is of a darker shade, but })aler on the sides of the 
body, and partly covered with a whitish bloom. On the 
front edge of the first segment is a raised yellow fold, which 
slightly overhangs the head, and from which, when irri- 
tated, the larva protrudes a yellow, fleshy, forked organ, at 




34 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

the same time giving off a disagreeable odor, which is doubt- 
less used as a means of defence against its enemies. On each 
side of the third segment is an eye-like spot, nearly oval, 
yellow, enclosed by a ring of black, centred with a small 
elongated blue dot, which is also set in black. On the hinder 
portion of the fourth segment is another raised yellow fold, 
bordered behind with rich velvety black ; the latter is seen 
only when the larva is in motion. On the terminal segment 
there is a similar fold, flattened above, with a slight protu- 
berance on each side. On the fifth segment are two blue 
dots, one on each side, and there are traces on the hinder 
segments of similar dots, arranged in longitudinal rows. 
The under surface is paler than the upper, with a whitish 
bloom. 

When the caterpillar is about to change to a chrysalis, 
which is usually during the early part of August, the color 
of the body grows gradually darker, until it becomes dark 
reddish brown, with the sides nearly black, and the blue 
dots become much more distinct. Having selected a suitable 
spot in which to pass the chrysalis state, it spins a web of 
silk, into which the hooks on the hind legs are firmly fastened ; 
then, having prepared and stretched across a silken band or 
loop to support its body in the middle, it casts its larval skin, 
and remains a dull-brown chrysalis, of the 
form shown in Fig. 82, until the following 
spring. 

This insect is very widely distributed, 
being found in nearly all parts of the 
United States and Canada. The caterpil- 
lar feeds on a number of different trees, 
but chiefly affects the apple, cherry, thorn, 
and basswood. As it is always solitary in its habits, it is 
never likely to cause much injury. South of Pennsylvania 
the female of this species of butterfly usually loses its yellow 
color and becomes nearly black, while the other sex retains 
its normal hue. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



85 



No. 31.— The Blind-eyed Sphinx. 

Smerinthus excecatus (Siii. & Abb.). 

During September, and sometimes as late as the beginning 
of October, there may be found occasionally on the apple-tree, 
feeding on the leaves, a thick, cylindrical caterpillar, about two 
and a half inches long, with a green triangular head, bordered 
with white, an apple-green body, paler on the back, but deeper 
in color along the sides, with its skin roughened with numerous 
white-tipped granulations, having a stout horn on the hinder 
part of its back, of a 

bluish-green color, witii Fig. 83. 

seven oblique strijies on -'"^ "^^, 
each side, of a pale yel- 
low, the last one of a 
brighter yellow than the 
others and extending to 
the base of the horn. 
This is the larva of the 
blind-eyed sphinx, represented in Fig. 83. 

When full grown, it leaves the tree and buries itself in 




Fig. 84. 




the earth, where it changes to a chrysalis of a chestnut-brown 
color, smooth, with a short terminal spine. 

The moth (Fig. 84) appears from May to July, but chiefly 



86 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

in June, and is veiy handsome. The body is fown-colored ; 
on the top of the thorax is a chestnut-colored stripe, and on 
the abdomen a dark-brown line. The front wings are fawn- 
colored, clouded and striped with brown ; the hind wings are 
rose-colored in the middle, with a brownish patch at the 
tip, crossed by two or three short whitish lines, and having 
near the inner angle a black spot with a pale-blue centre. 
Til is moth measures, when its wings are spread, about three 
inches across. 

It is comparatively a rare insect, and has never been known 
to cause any serious injury. While partial to the apple-tree, 
the caterpillar will also feed on the plum and wild cherry. 
The moth remains hidden during the day, but becomes very 
active at dusk. 

No. 32.— The Apple Sphinx. 

Sphinx Gordins Cram. 

'I his insect belongs to the same family as No. 31, viz., the 
SphingidfB, or Sphinx family, and there is a general re- 
semblance between the two species in all their stages. The 
larva of the apple sphinx is a thick, cylindrical, apple-green 
worm, about two and a half inches long, with a reddish-brown 
horn projecting from the hinder part of its back, and with 
seven oblique stripes along each side, of a violet color, mar- 
gined behind with white. 

Late in the autumn it leaves off feeding and buries itself 
deeply in the earth, where it changes to a brown chrysalis 
with a short detached tongue-case. Here it remains until 
the following sea.son. 

The perfect insect is a strong, narrow-winged moth, which 
aj>pears on the wing from the latter part of May to the end 
of June. (Fig. 85.) Its fore wings are dark brown, varied 
with ash-gray, with black streaks within the veins, and a 
white dot near the middle, resting on a long black line. The 
hind wings are gray, with a bind across the middle, and a 
wide marpfinal band of black. Tlie fringes of the wintrs are 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



87 



white, the head and thorax blackish brown. The abdomen 
is dark gray, with a central black line, and alternate black and 
grayish bands partly encircling it. When the wings are ex- 



FiG. 85. 




panded, the moth measures from three to three and a half 
inches across. This also is a night-flyer. 



No. 33. — The American Lappet-moth. 

Gasiropacha Americana Harris. 

This sinarnlar insect is found in the larval state in Julvand 
August, resting in the daytime on the twigs or limbs of the 
apple-tree, feeding at night. Its body is broad, convex above, 
and perfectly flat beneath, and when at rest it closely resem- 
bles a natural swelling of the bark. It is of an ash-gray 
color, frino;ed close to the under surface on each side with 
tufts of blackish and gray hairs springing from projecting 
tubercles. On the hinder part of the third segment there is 
a bright-scarlet velvety band, and a similar one on the fourth 
segment, neither of which is seen except when the larva is 
in motion. On the second segment there are two small tu- 
bercles on each side, and one on each side of the remaining 
segments ; from these tubercles are given out tufts of grayish 
hairs mingled with white ones. The under side of the body 
is orange-colored, with a central row of diamond-shaped black- 
ish spots. In general appearance it much resembles Fig. 87, 




88 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

When ready to transform, it attaclies itself to a limb an<l 
there encloses itself in a gray cocoon, which appears like a 
slight swelling of the limb, and in this enclosure it changes 
to a brown chrysalis, in which state it remains until the 
month of June following, when the perfect insect escapes. 

The moth (Fig. 86) is of a tawny reddish-brown color, 
with the hinder and inner edges of the fore wings and the 

outer edges of the hind wings 
notched ; the notches are mar- 
gined with white. Both pairs of 
wings are crossed by a rather 
broad, interrupted, whitish band, 
not very clearly shown in the 
figure, which, on the anterior 
wings, does not always extend to 
the front margin. In the female the pale bands and dark 
lines are sometimes wanting, the wings being almost entirely 
of a red-brown color. The moth measures, when its wings 
are expanded, from an inch and a half to an inch and three- 
quarters across. 

The eggs are laid on the leaves of the apple tree late in 
June, and are very pretty objects under a magnifying-glass. 
They measure about one-twentieth of an inch long, are oval, 
flattened at the base and also above, and a little thicker at one 
end than at the other. In color they are white, with peculiar 
black markings ; at each end is a crescent-shaped stripe, with 
a dot below it, and on both the flattened surfaces there are 
markings like eyes, each formed by an oval spot in the 
centre, with a curved stripe above and a shorter straight one 
below ; between and parallel to the two eyebrow-like marks 
there is another black stripe. The whole surface is covered 
with a net-work, the meshes of which are irregular, with a 
depressed dot in the centre of each. This insect feeds also 
on the cherry and the oak. It is not at all common, and 
probably will never be a source of much annoyance to the 
fruit-grower. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 39 

No. 34. — The Velleda Lappet-moth. 

Tobjpe velleda (Stoll). 

The caterpillar of" this species is very similar in aj)pearauce 
and habits to that of" the American Lappet-moth, No. 33, 
with some slight differences in color and niarkino:;s. The full- 
grown larva is two inches or more in length, with a small, 
flat head, nearly hidden beneath two projecting tufts of hair 
from the second segment. It is represented partly grown in 
Fig. 87. The body is bluish 
gray, with many faint paler 
longitudinal lines ; across the 
upper part of the fourth seg- 
ment there is a narrow velvety 
black band, more conspicuous 
when the caterpillar is in motion. On each segment above 
there are two warts with short black hairs, of which those on 
the fourth segment, anterior to the band, are most prominent. 
There are a few short black and gray hairs scattered over the 
body. The side fringes which border the body close to the 
under surface are composed of spreading tufts of light-gray 
mingled with black hairs, of unequal length, proceeding from 
warts nearly one-tenth of an inch long. The under side is of 
a pale-red or orange color, with black spots. This caterpillar, 
when at rest, closely resembles the color of the twig to which 
it is attached, and hence is difficult to detect. It reaches 
maturity during the month of July, and is found on the 
cherry and elm, as well as on the apple. 

The cocoon, which is usually attached to one of the branches 
of the tree on which the larva has fed, is about an inch and 
a half long and half an inch wide, oval, convex above, and 
flattened on the under side ; it is of a brownish-gray color, 
with a few blackish hairs interwoven with the silk. 

The moth (Fig. 88) is usually found in August and Sep- 
tember. It has a large, thick, woolly body, of a white color, 
variegated with bluish gray; its legs are thick and very 




90 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

hairy. On the fore wings are two broad, dark-gray bands, in- 
tervening between three narrow, wavy, white bands; the veins 

are white and prominent. The 
hind wings are gray, with a white 



iiind border, and across the middle 
there is a broad, faint, wiiitish 
band. On the top of the thorax 
is an oblong, blackish- brown spot, 
widening behind. The males are 
not mncli more than half the size of the females; the former, 
when their wings are expanded, measure about an inch and a 
half across, the latter nearly two and a half inches. Like 
that last described, this is a rare insect, and one never likely 
to appear in sufficient numbers to be troublesome. 

No. 35. — The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller. 

Cacoecia rosaceana (Ilai-ris). 

This moth is a member of a very large family of small 
moths called Tortrices, or, popularly, leaf-rollers, because 
their larvse have the habit of rolling up the leaves, or por- 
tions of them, forming hollow cylinders, firmly fastened with 
silken threads, in which they live, and where they are partly 
protected from birds and other enemies. Most of these 
insects, when disturbed, slip quickly out of their enclosure 
and let themselves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, 
and thus frequently escape danger. 

Soon after the buds of the apple-tree begin to open, the 
caterpillars of the oblique-banded leaf-roller commence their 
labors. They coil up and fasten together the small and tender 
leaves, which thus furnish them at once with shelter and food. 
When full grown, they are about three-quarters of an inch 
in length, of a pale-green or yellowish-green color, sometimes 
reddish or brownish, with the head and top of the first seg- 
ment brown ; there is usually a darker green stripe along the 
back, and a few smooth dots on each segment, from each of 
which there arises a short, fine hair. In Fig. 89 this larva is 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



91 



Fio. 89. 




shown somewhat magnified; also the chrysalis, which is about 
the natural size. Besides consuming the leaves, this leaf- 
roller is very fond of gnawing the 
skin of the young fruit, and such 
abraded spots soon become brown 
and rusty, and sometimes crack. 

When mature, the larva lines the 
inner surface of its dwelling-place 
with a web of silk, and then changes 
to a chrysalis of a dark-brown color. 
(See Fig. 89.) Towards the end of 
June, or early in July, with the help of some little thorns 
on the hinder segments, the chrysalis wriggles itself half- 
way out of the nest, and shortly after the imprisoned moth 
escapes. 

This is a short, broad, flat moth, resembling a bell in 
outline when its wings are closed (see Fig. 90); but when 
expanded (Fig. 91), they appear arched on the front edge. 



Fig. 90. 



Fig. 91. 





curving in a contrary direction near the tip. The body is 
reddish brown, the fore wings of a light cinnamon-brown 
color, crossed with little, wavy, darker brown lines, and with 
three broad, oblique, dark-brown bands, one of which covers 
the base of the wings and is sometimes indistinct or want- 
ing ; the second crosses the middle of the wings ; and the 
third, which is broad on the front edge and narrow behind, 
is near the outer hind margin. The hind wings are ochre- 
yellow, with the folded part next to the body blackish. 
When the wings are expanded, the moth measures about an 
inch across. The caterpillars are found on the a[)ple, pear, 



92 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

plum, ))eticli, cheriy, rose, raspberry, gooseberry, currant, 
strawl)erry, and probably some other plants, shrubs, and trees. 

Remedies. — In the larval state this insect is infested by a 
parasite, a species of Ichneumon. A single parasite almost 
fills the body of the caterpillar, and yet the latter goes on 
actively feeding, and grows to maturity without showing any 
signs of inconvenience. When about to enter the chrysalis 
state, the occupant eats its way out of the lK)dy of its victim, 
which shrinks up and dies, and the parasite spins a cocoon 
within the leafy enclosure, and forms a chrysalis nearly as 
hirge as that of the leaf-roller, from which, in due time, a 
four-winged fly escapes. 

The depredations of this foe are sometimes serious, more 
especially when it selects as its abode the terminal branches 
of the tree, and thus checks its growth. Whenever practi- 
cable, the curled and twisted clusters of leaves should be 
pinched and the larvse crushed; if out of reach, syringing 
with powdered hellebore and water, in the proportion of an 
ounce to a pailful of water, or with Paris-green and water, in 
the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pailful of water will 
destroy many of them. 

No. 36. — The Lesser Apple-leaf Folder. 

Teras malivorana (Le Baron). 

The caterpillar of this species is a small greenish worm, 
smooth, with a pale-brown head and whitish markings. 
Those of the first brood make their appearance with the 
opening foliage in spring ; the opposite edges of the tender 
leaves are drawn together upwards, and fastened with a silken 
web, thus forming a roof over the insect, which serves the 
double purpose of shelter and protection. The second brood, 
hatching later in the season from eggs laid on the surface of 
the mature and less yielding leaf, do not draw its edges to- 
gether, but simply construct a web over the surface of the 
leaf. When mature, the caterpillar eats off the upi)er cuticle 
of part of a leaf, and brings the edges together, tying them 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 93 

with silken threads, and then lines the enclosnre with fine 
white silk. 

Within this curled leaf the larva changes to a brown 
chrysalis, about three-tenths of an inch long. Some of the 
segments of the body are furnished with minute spines, and 
the posterior extremity with two hooks, bent downwards, 
with which the pupa works itself half-way out of the enclo- 
sure before the moth escapes. 

The moth is about one-third of an inch long, and measures, 
when its wings are spread, half an inch or more across. Its 
head, thorax, and fore wings are of a bright-orange color, 
the hind wings, body, and legs whitish, with a silken lustre. 
The first moths appear early in the season, in time to deposit 
their eggs on the young foliage as it bursts the buds; the 
second brood appear during the latter half of July. 

This insect sometimes occurs in great numbers, destroying 
the leaves of apple-trees, particularly young trees, giving them 
the appearance of being scorched by fire. When it becomes 
necessary to destroy them, the remedies mentioned under No. 
35 should be promptly applied. 

No. 37. — The Leaf-crumpler. 

Fhycis indigeneUa (Zeller). 

The fruit-grower will frequently find, on examining his 
apple-trees in winter, clusters of curious little cases, partly 
hidden by portions of crumpled and withered leaves. The 
cases (Fig. 92, a, b) resemble long miniature horns, wide at 
one end, tapering almost to a point at the other, and twisted 
in a very odd manner. The withered leaves are firmly 
fastened to the cases and to the twig by silken threads, and 
the case itself, which is attached to the bark of the twig on 
which it is placed, is curiously constructed of silk inter- 
w.oven with the dried castings of the artificer. The inner 
surface of the case is whitish and smooth, the exterior rougher 
and of a yellowish-brown color. 

These odd little cases are the work of the larvae of the 



94 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 92. 



Leaf-crurapler, the young of which appear late in the sum- 
mer and attain about one-third of their growth before winter 

sets in. After construct- 
ing their places of abode, 
they remain in tiiem all 
winter in a torpid state. 
Fig. 93 represents one of 
these cases well covered 
with withered leaves. As 
soon as tiie warmth of a 
spring sun causes the buds 
to expand, the caterpillar 
resumes its activity, and, 
leaving its case in search 
of food, — for which pur- 
pose it usually chooses 
the night-time, — it draws 
the opening leaves towards 
its case, so as to secure a 
safe retreat should danger threaten, and, fastening them by 

threads of silk, enjoys its meals 
in comparative safety. Its length, 
when full grown, is about six-tenths 
of an inch, the body tapering 
slightly towards the hinder ex- 
tremity. The head is dark red- 
dish brown, and the body a dark, 
dull greenish brown ; the first seg- 
ment has a horny plate at the top, 
and a flattened blackish prominence 
on each side, below the plate ; on 
each of the otiier segments there are 
several small blackish dots, from 
every one of which there arises a 
single brown hair. At c, Fig. 92, the head and anterior seg- 
ments of this caterpillar are shown. 




Fig. 93. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 95 

By the early part of June its growth is completed. It 
then shuts itself up in its case and changes to a reddish-brown 
chrysalis, about four-tenths of an inch long, from which, in 
about two Aveeks, the perfect moth escapes. 

When its wings are expanded, the moth (see d, Fig. 92) 
measures about seven-tenths of an inch across. Its fore 
wings are pale brown, with patches and streaks of silvery 
white, the hind wings plain brownish white; the under side 
of both wings is paler. There is only one brood during the 
year, the moths depositing their eggs during July. 

Remedies. — One would imagine that a caterpillar protected 
as this one is, within its case, would be secure from all ene- 
mies, but it is not so; a small Ichneumon fly is a parasite 
upon it; so, also, is a two-winged Tachina fly, Tach'ina phycitie 
(Le Baron), which closely resembles the common house-fly. 

It is not often that this insect is very numerous in any one 
orchard, but where it is abundant it sometimes inflicts a con- 
siderable amount of damage, consuming the young Ibliage 
and materially retarding the growth of 'the tree. The onlv 
way to destroy tiiem is to pick the cases with the crumpled 
leaves off the trees during the winter and burn or crush 
them. Besides the apple, it feeds on the cherry, quince, 
and plum, and occasionally on the peach. 

No. 38.— The Eye-spotted Bud-moth. 

Tinetocera ocellana (Schiff ). 

The caterpillar of this insect selects the opening bud as its 
point of attack. It is a small, cylindrical, naked larva (see 
Fig. 94), about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a pale, 
dull, brownish color, with small warts on its 
body, from which arise fine short hairs; the 
head and the top of the next segment are 
black. Its tenement consists of a dried, 
blackened leaf, portions of which are drawn 
together so as to make a rude case, the cen- 
tral part of which is lined with silk. It is very partial to 




96 ' INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

the blossoms and newly-fornied fruit, thereby causing great 
disappointment to fruit-growers, who have perhaps waited 
patiently for years for the fruit of some new or interesting 
variety, and have their hopes excited by seeing, it may be, a 
single bunch of blossoms set well and appear promising, 
when this mischief-maker commences its depredations on 
the young fruit, drawing the several portions together with 
threads of silk, and partly devouring them. It sometimes 
contents itself with injuring the leaves only, drawing one 
after another around its small inside case until there is 
formed a little cluster of withered and blackened leaves. 
Another of its tricks is to gnaw a hole into the top of the 
branch from which a bunch of blossoms issues, and, tunnel- 
ling it down the centre, cause its death. 

These larvae are usually full grown by the middle of June, 
when they change to dark-brown chrysalids within their nests, 
from which the perfect insects escape in July. 

The moth (Fig. 94) measures, when its wings are exi)anded, 
about half an inch across. It is of an ash-gray color. Tlie 
fore wings have a whitish-gray band across the middle, and 
there are two small eye-like spots on each of them, one, near 
the tip, composed of four little black marks on a light-brown 
ground, the other, near the hind angle, formed by three 
minute black spots arranged in a triangle, with sometimes 
a black dot in the centre. The hind wings are dusky brown. 

The attacks of this insect are not restricted to the apple; 
it is injurious also to the cherry and plum. Small and in- 
significant as it appears, it is capable of much mischief. The 
only remedy suggested is to pull oflP and crush the withered 
clusters of leaves containing the caterpillars or chrysalids 
early in the spring. 

No. 39. — The Apple-bud Worm. 

Ecc.opsis malana Fernakl. 

This insect, recently recorded as injurious, has seriously 
injured the apple-trees in the orchards of Northern Illinois, 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 97 

by devouring the terminal buds on the branches. In the 
larval state the mischief is done; it is then a small pale- 
greenish or yellowish-green caterpillar, sometimes tinged with 
pink on the back. Its head is yellowish, with a black dot on 
ea(;h side, and there is a patch or shield of a yellowish color 
on the upper part of the next segment. 

Tiie eggs from which these larvre hatch are deposited 
singly upon the terminal buds. The young larva, after de- 
vouring the bud, fastens the leaf-stalk of one of the leaves 
growing near the tip to the side of the brancli, and thus 
forniF for itself a sort of burrow between the h'uf-stalk and 
the branch, in wiiich it hides diUMUg the day, issuing from its 
retreat at night to feed on the leaf so secured. When this is 
consumed, it is said to feed for a time on the newly-formed 
wood, and sometimes eats its way a short distance into the 
twig. Tiie caterpillar about this time deserts its burrow on 
the branch, and constructs a yellow, woolly tube or case upon 
one of the leaves, in which it lives, issuing at night to feed as 
heretofore, and when the leaf on which it is j)laced is almost 
consumed, the larva drags the case to an adjoining leaf. As 
it approaches maturity, it becomes of a dark flesh-color; its 
body is marked with a number of small shining spots, and 
its head and the horny shield on the next segment are black. 
When full grown, it measures about half an inch in length; 
it then closes its case with a silken lid and changes to a chrys- 
alis within it, from which the moth appears about a week or 
ten days later. 

The fore wings of the moth are white, mottled and spotted 
with greenish brown ; there is a large grayish-brown sj)ot 
at the tip, mottled with white, and another, towards the biise 
of the wing, of a darker shade ; the front edge is mottled 
with grayish brown. The hind wings are dusky. There is 
only one brood of these insects during the year. 

The tips of the infested branches usually die back as far 
as the base of the first perfect leaf, where a new bud forms, 
which takes the place of the terminal bud. As the brancih 

7 



98 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



from tliis new-formed bud is late in starting, and does not 
grow straight, the injury caused by this insect interferes seri- 
ously with the growth of the tree, and also mars its beauty. 

A small Ichneumon fly, Microdus carinoides Cresson, attacks 
this bud-worm, depositing an egg in the body of each cater- 
pillar, which, hatching, produces a footless maggot, that lives 
within the body of the caterpillar until it is about ready to 
become a chrysalis, when the maggot issues from its body and 
the larva dies. The parasite spins within the silken case of 
its host a tough white cocoon about one-fourth of an inch 
long, from which the perfect fly issues in about a fortnight. 

Where these insects are very troublesome they may be de- 
stroyed by syringing the trees with Paris-green or London- 
purple mixed with water, in the proportion of one or two 
teaspoonfuls of the poison to two gallons of water. Their 
numbers may also be lessened by hand-picking, gathering 
them while still in their burrows near the tops of the twigs. 



Fig. 95. 



No. 40. — The Green Apple-leaf-tyer. 

Teras Cinderella (Riley). 

This is a small yellowish-green caterpillar (a, Fig. 95), 
with a horny head and neck of a deeper yellowish shade, the 
head being marked with a crescent-shaped black mark. It 

belongs also to the leaf-rollers 
or leaf-folders, and draws the 
edges of the leaf together, as 
shown in the figure at d, and 
lives within the fold. In feed- 
ing, it eats the leaf entirely 
through. It is a very nimble 
little creature, and when dis- 
turbed wriggles quickly out of 
its case and drops to the ground. 
The larva changes to a brown 
chrysalis (6, Fig. 95) within the fold of the leaf, which is 
lined with silk. When the time approaches for the moth to 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



99 



escape, the chrysalis wriggles itself so far out that the head 
projects beyond the enclosure, as shown at d, soon after whicii 
the moth appears. 

The front wings of the moth (c. Fig. 95) are of a glossy, 
dark ash-gray color, the hind wings a little palei- ; when its 
wings are spread, it measures about an inch across. 

This insect closely resembles No. 36 in all its different 
stages, and it is probable that both insects are slightly-modified 
forms of the same species. 

No. 41. — The Apple-leaf-sewer. 

Phoxopteris nubeculaua (Clem.). 

In the perfect state, this insect is a small moth belonging 
to the Tortricidse, or Leaf-rollers. It passes the winter in 
the larval condition in rolled-up apple-leaves which lie on 
the ground. Early in April the larvae change to chrysalids, 
and about ten days afterwards the moths begin to appear, 
and continue to issue for several weeks. 

The moth is white, with brown markings, as shown in Fig. 
96, at c. The eggs are laid in June, and the larva is found 

Fig. 96. 




throughout the summer and autumn on apple-leaves. It 
folds the leaves together, as shown at b in the figure, making 
the edges meet, so that the whole leaf forms a hollow case, 
within which it lives and feeds on the softer tissues. The 
larva is of a yellowish-green color, with a yellow head, and 



100 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



with a horny shield on the next segment, a little darker, with 
a black dot on each side. On each of the remaining segments 
there are a number of pale, shining, raised dots, from every 
one of which arises a single hair. On the approach of winter 
the larva lines its chamber with silk, and falls with the leaf 
to the ground, where it remains unchanged until early the 
following spring, when it becomes a yellowish-brown chrys- 
alis. As the time approaches for the escape of the moth, the 
chrysalis wriggles its way through the partly-decayed leaf- 
case at the back, and protrudes as shown at 6 in the figure, 
soon after which the moth escapes. 

This larva sometimes prevails to such an extent as seri- 
ously to injure the foliage of apple-trees ; in such cases the 
most obvious remedy is to gather carefully in the autumn 
all the fallen leaves with the enclosed larvae and burn them. 



Fig. 97. 



No. 42. — The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. 

Pempelia Hammondi Riley. 
This insect occurs in the larval state in the autumn, and 
sometimes during the summer also, and is especially injurious 
to young orchards and nurseries, giving the foliage a rusty, 

blighted appearance, caused by 
the larva devouring the green 
pulpy parts of the upper sur- 
face of the leaves and leaving 
the closely- netted veins with the 
under skin untouched. The 
larva (Fig. 97, a) is of a })ale- 
brownish color, about half an 
inch long, with darker lines, as 
shown at b, where one of the 
segments is highly magnified ; 
sometimes the color assumes a 
greenish shade. Behind the 
head there are four shiny-black tubercles, as shown at c in 
the figure, also magnified. The larva covers the surface of 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. IQl 

the leaf with loose silky threads, attached to which will be 
found a number of small black graius of excrementitious 
matter, and under this rough covering the larva feeds. It 
sometimes feeds singly and sometimes in groups; in the 
latter case a number of the leaves are drawn together, and 
the larvae live and feed within this shelter. 

The chrysalis is usually formed among the leaves in a 
very slight cocoon, and is about a quarter of an inch long 
and of a pale-brown color. The w'inter is passed in the 
chrysalis state, and the moths appear during May or June 
following. 

When its wings are spread, the motli measures nearly half 
an inch across; it is of a deep purplish-gray color, with a 
glossy surface, and has two silvery-gray bands across the 
wings, as shown in the figure, at d, where it is magnified ; the 
cross-lines below the figure indicate the natural size. 

Remedies, — This pest may be subdued by hand-picking if 
begun in good season. It is ])reyed on by two species of 
small Ichneumon flies, and by several carnivorous insects. 

No. 43. — The Many-dotted Apple-worm. 

Nolophana malana (Fitch). 

In June, and again in August or September, there is some- 
times found on apple-leaves, in considerable numbers, a rather 
thick, cylindrical, light-green worm, an inch or more in length, 
with five white longitudinal lines and numerous whitish dots. 
These are the larvae of Nolophana malana. They eat irregular 
notches in the margins and holes in the middle of the leaves, 
and do not feed in groups, but are solitary in their habits, 
scattered among the foliage. They begin to appear about 
the last of May, and live openly exposed on the under side 
of the leaves, without forming any web or fold in the leaf 
for protection. On reaching maturity, which for the early 
brood is about the last of June, the larva selects a leaf and 
draws together a portion of it with silken threads, forming a 
hollow tube, witiiin which it spins a slight silky cocoon and 




X02 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

changes to a brown chrysalis. In this inactive condition the 
insect remains for three or four weeks, sometimes longer, when 
the moth appears. 

The moth (Fig. 98) is a very pretty object. Its fore wing.s 
are ash-gray, whitish towards the outer margin, and crossed 
by three irregular black lines, which 
are faint or indistinct towards the 
inner edge ; near the middle of the 
wing there is often a round, whitish 
spot, with a black dot in the middle. 
The hind wings are dull-whitish, dusky towards the tips. 
Beneath, both wings are of a silvery-whitish hue, sprinkled 
with blackish dots towards the outer edges. When the 
wings are expanded, they measure from three-quarters of an 
inch to an inch or more across. 

The first moths appear early in spring, and attach their 
eggs to the young foliage ; the second brood appear in July. 
These attach their eggs to the leaves, and produce larvse 
in August and September, which, when their growth is com- 
pleted, change to chrysalids within the folded leaves, as 
already described, and are carried to the ground with the 
fall of the leaves in autumn, where they pass the winter in 
the pupa state and produce moths in the following spring. 

These larvse feed also on cherry, peach, elm, poplar, and 

other trees. They are seldom sufficiently numerous to be 

troublesome, but if at any time a remedy is required they 

may be destroyed by syringing the leaves with Paris-green 

or hellebore mixed with water, as recommended for No. 35. 

When the trees on which they are feeding are suddenly 

jarred, the larvse will drop to the ground, and by takino 

advantage of this peculiarity they may be captured and 

destroyed. 

No. 44. — The Palmer-worm. 

Ypsolophus pometellus (Harris). 

This larva appears on apple-trees during the latter part of 
June, and at times is excessively numerous and destructive. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 103 

It lives in societies, making; its home in a mass of half-eaten 
and browned leaves, drawn together by silken threads, from 
which it drops, when the tree or branch is jarred, suspended in 
the air by a thread of silk. The larva is of a pale yellowish- 
green color, with a dusky or blackish stripe along each side, 
edged above by a narrow whitish stripe; there is also a dusky 
line along the middle of the back. Its head is shining yel- 
low, and the top of the next segment is of the same color ; 
on each ring there are several small black dots, from each of 
which arises a fine yellow hair. While young, the caterpillars 
eat only the green pidpy tissue of the leaves, leaving the net- 
work of veins entire ; later on, they consume the whole of 
the leaf except its coarser veins. They also frequently gnaw 
holes or irregular cavities in the young a{)ples. These larvse 
feed on the leaves of the cherry as well as those of the apple. 

When full grown, they are about half an inch long. They 
then change to chrysalids within the mass of eaten leaves oc- 
cupied by the larvpe, and ordinarily spin a slight cocoon in a 
fold of a leaf, but when they are very abundant the foliage 
is so entirely consumed that they have to look for shelter 
elsewhere. Their chrysalids are then often found under dry 
leaves on the surface of the ground, in crevices in the bark of 
the tree, and in other suitable hiding-places. The chrysalis 
is about a quarter of an inch long; at first it is of a tawny- 
yellow color, which gradually changes 
to a darker hue. In ten or twelve ^^o. 99. 

days the jierfect insect is produced. 

The moth (Fig. 99) is of an ash-gray 
color. The fore wings are sprinkled 
with black atoms, and have four black ,~ f\ \, ' 

dots near the middle, and six or seven /i { 

smaller ones along the hinder margin. 

The hind wings are dusky above and beneath, with a glossy 
azure-blue reflection, blackish veins, and long, dusky fringes. 
The antennse are alternately striped with black and white. 
Sometimes the fore wings are of a tawny yellow, in other 




104 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. . 

specimens they are tinged with purplish red, and in some the 
dots are faint or entirely wanting. They rest with their long, 
narrow wings folded together and laid flat upon their backs. 

Remedies. — Showering the trees with whale-oil soap and 
water has been recommended, but the use of Paris-green and 
water, as directed for No. 35, would prove more effectual ; the 
water would dislodge many of tlie larvte, and the remainder 
would be destroyed by eating the poisoned leaves. 

In the year 1791 the orchards and fouests of New England 
were overrun with this larva, and many of the trees perished. 
It was at that time that the insect received the popular name 
of Palmer-worm, which it has ever since retained. Another 
remarkable visitation occurred in 1853, which extended all 
over the Eastern States, and also over the eastern part of the 
State of New York. It was first observed about the middle 
of June, and so rapid was the destruction it occasioned that 
in a few days it was everywhere the leading topic of conver- 
sation and was generally regarded as a new and unknown 
insect. The trees attacked assumed a brown and withered 
appearance, looking as though they had been scorched by 
fire. Apple-trees and oaks suffered most, but nearly all other 
trees and shrubs were more or less injured. The weather was 
dry and hot previous to and during this period, but on the 
20th of June copious rains fell, when the worms suddenly 
disappeared, the rain doubtless dislodging them, and i)erhaps 
drowning a large nuniber of them. The fruit-crop in those 
sections that year was almost destroyed, from the trees losing 
their leaves by this insect. The following year they were 
quite scarce, and since then they have not aj)peared in such 
alarming numbers. 

There are two other insects found on the apple-leaves re- 
sembling the Palmer-worm, and having similar habits, which 
are described by Dr. Asa Fitch as distinct, but which are 
])robably varieties only of the common Palmer-worm. One 
of these is described as "the comrade Palmer-worm, Ghoeto- 
chilus GontubernalellusJ" The larva of this is found in com- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 105 

pany with the common Pahner-worm, from which it differs 
only in having the head and the upper part of the second seg- 
ment of a polished black color. The moth of this black-headed 
larva differs from the common Palmer-worm moth chiefly in 
the ground-color of the wings, which are dark brown on the 
inner half, with the outer half white, the latter sometimes 
tinged with tawny yellowish. The other insect is described 
as "the tawny-stri})ed Palmer-worm, Choetochilas malifoU- 
ellus," and is a slender, pale-yellowish larva, similar in size 
to the ordinary Palmer-worm, with a tawny-yellow stripe 
along each side of the back, broadly margined above and 
below with white. The head is pale yellow, and there are a 
few minute dots scattered over the surface of the body, from 
each of which arises a fine hain. It appears during the early 
part of July, which is a little later than the common Palmer- 
worm, but has precisely similar habits. The moth is ash-gray 
and glossy, often with a purplish-red reflection, and differs 
from the moth of the common species in that the fore wings 
are not sprinkled with black atoms, and in having in addition 
to the dots on the fore wings a tawny-yellow band towards 
the tips, edged with whitish in front. Should tliese prove to 
be distinct and at any time troublesome, the treatment sug- 
gested for the common Palmer-worm will be e(|ually applica- 
ble in either case. 

No. 45. — Climbing Cut-worms. 

These are the caterpillars of various night-flying moths, 
and are well known to horticulturists and gardeners every- 
where. Most of the species are particularly destructive to 
young cabbage-plants and similar young and tender vege- 
tation, cutting or severing the plants, when but three or four 
inches high, just above or below the ground, from which habit 
they derive their common name. They are active only at 
night, remaining concealed during the day just under the 
surface of the earth in the immediate neighborhood of their 
feeding-grounds. Some of the species are known as climbing 



106 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 100. 



cut-worms, and have the habit of a.sceuding fruit-trees at 
night and committing great havoc among the expanding buds 
and young foliage, and it is to these that we here particularly 
refer. Orchards having a light, sandy soil are much more 
liable to attack than tho.se with a stiff and heavy soil. Where 
the buds and foliage of trees or vines are being destroyed with- 
out apparent cause, climbing cut-worms should be searched 
for, M'hen the lurking foes will usually be found buried in 
the soil not far from the base of the trees or vines injund. 

The several species of climbing cut-worms, while differing 
in size, color, and markings, are much alike, being all smooth, 
naketl larvae of some shade of gray, green, 
brown, or black, with grayish or dusky 
markings. 

The Variegated Cut-worm, Agrotis sau- 
cia (Hubner). One of the eggs of this 
species is represented in Fig. 100, much 
enlarged ; also a patch of the same, num- 
bering several hundreds, on a twig. The 
egg is round and flattened, of a pinkish 
color, and very prettily ribbed and orna- 
mented. These are often laid on twigs of 
the apple, cherry, and peach. 

The young larvae, when hatched, are 
very small, and of a dull-yellowish color, 
At first, it is said, they do not hide them- 
selves under the ground, but acquire this habit after their 
first moult, which takes place about a week after they are 
hatched. They become full grown before the middle of June, 
when they present the appearance shown in Fig. 101, which 
shows the larva as at rest ; when extended and in motion, it 
is nearly two inches long. The figure at the side represents 
the head magnified, showing its markings more distinctly. 
The full-grown larva is of a dull flesh-color, mottled with 
brown and black, with elongated velvety black markings on 
each side. 




with darker spots. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



107 



When mature, the larva enters the ground, where it forms 
an oval, smooth cavity (see Fig. 102), within which it changes 



Fig. 101. 



Fig. 102. 






to a chrysalis of a deep mahogany-brown color, pointed at 
the extremity. 

Within a few days the moth (Fig. 103) appears, which 
measures, when its wings are expanded, about an inch and 
three-quarters across. The 
fore wings are of a grayish- ^^a- 103. 

brown color, marked with 
brownish black ; the hind 
wings are white and pearly, 
shaded towards the margin 
with pale brown. 

The Dark-sided Cut- 
worm, Agrotis Cochranii Ri- 
ley, is another of the climbing species. The caterpillar (a, Fig. 
104) is a little over an inch in length, of a dingy ash-gray 
color above, much 
darker along the sides 
of the body. The 
chrysalis, which is 
formed under ground, 
is about seven-tenths 
of an inch long, of a 
yellowi.sh-brown color, 
with darker brown markings 
and shaded with brown. 

The Climbing Cut-worm, Agrotis scandens Riley. The larva 
of this insect is a very active climber, and does a great deal of 




The moth is light gray, marked 



108 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 




injury to fruit-trees. It is represented in Fig. 105 in the act of 

devouring the buds 
Fig. 105. on a twig. It is of 

a light yellowish- 
gray color, varie- 
gated with dull 
green, with a dark 
line down the back, 
and fainter lines 
along the sides; the 
spiracles, or breath- 
ing-pores, are black. 
When full grown, it 
is nearly an inch and a half long, when it enters the earth, and 
there changes to a brown chrysalis. The moth (Fig. 105) has 
the fore wings of a light bluish gray, with darker markings, 
and the hind wings pearly white. The length of the body is 
about seven-tenths of an inch, and the wings measure, when 
spread, nearly an inch and a half across. 

The W-marked Cut-worm, Agrotis clandesiina (Harris) 
(Fig. 106), has also been found feeding on apple-buds, al- 
though it more frequently attacks low 
bushes, such as currants ; also succulent 
plants, such as young corn, cabbages, 
etc. The moth of this species (Fig. 
107) has the fore wings of a rather dark 
ash-gray color, with the deeper lines and 
wavy bands but faintly traced. The hind wings are dull 
white, with a tinge of brown, becoming darker towards the 
hinder edge. The chrysalis is of the usual brown color, and 
is formed in a cell under the earth, as in the other species 
referred to. 

The family of cut-worms is a large one, and embraces 
many other destructive species, but none of them, except 
those above mentioned, are known to have the habit of 
climbing trees. Some of the other injurious species will be 



Fio. 106. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



109 



Fig. 107. 



referred to when treating of the insects wliich injure tiie 
strawberry. 

Remedies. — One of the most effectual remedies against the 
climbing cut-worms is to fasten 
strips of tin or zinc around the 
tree, cut in such a way as to 
form, when applied, a sort of 
inverted funnel ; this forms an 
effectual barrier to their a.scent. 
They may also be collected by 
visiting the trees after dark and 
jarring or shaking them over 
sheets spread on the ground. It has also been suggested to 
dig holes about the trees, or on one side of them, with nearly 
perpendicular sides, when the cut-worms, being clumsy in 
their movements, are very likely to fall into them, and will 
not be able to get out again. Sprinkling the foliage with 
Paris-green or hellebore mixed with water, as recommended 
for No. 35, would no doubt poison them. 

There are several parasites, both Ichneumons and Tachina 
flies, which attack cut-worms and greatly lessen their numbers. 
Some of the carnivorous beetles (see Figs. 47 and 48) also feed 
upon them. 




No. 46. — The Lime-tree Winter-moth. 

Hyhernia tlliaria Harris. 

The caterpillar of this species is a span-worm, not unlike 
the canker-worm, but larger and differently marked. The 
head is dull red, with a V-shajjed mark on the front; the 
body yellow above, with many longitudinal black lines ; the 
under side is paler. When full grown, it is about an inch and 
a quarter long. Besides the apple, it feeds on basswood, elm, 
and hickory. The larvae hatch early in the spring, and some- 
times prove very destructive to the foliage. In Fig. 108 they 
are represented both feeding and at rest. They complete their 
growth about the middle of June, when, letting them.selvcs 



110 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



down from the trees by a silken thread, they burrow into the 
ground, forming a little oblong cell, five or six inches below 
the surface, within which the change to a chrysalis takes 
place, and from which the moth usually comes out late in 



Fig. 108. 




October or early in November, but occasionally this latter 
change. does not take place until spring. 

The male moths have large and delicate wings (see Fig. 
108) and feathered antennae. The fore wings, which measure, 
when expanded, about an inch and a half across, are of a 
rnsty-buif color, sprinkled with brownish dots, and with two 
transverse wavy brown lines, the inner one often indistinct, 
while between the bands and near the edge of the wing there 
is generally a brown dot. The hind wings are paler, with a 
small brownish dot in the middle ; the body is similar in color 
to the fore wings. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



Ill 



The female, also shown in Fig. 108, is a wingless, spider- 
like creature, with slender, thi'cad-like antennae, yellowish- 
white body, sprinkled on the sides with black dots, and with 
two black spots on the top of each ring except the last, 
which has only one. The head is black in front, and the legs 
are ringed with black. She is furnished with a jointed ovi- 
positor, which can be protruded or drawn in at pleasure, and 
from which the eggs are deposited. As soon as the females 
leave the ground, they climb up the trees and await the 
attendance of the males. 

The eggs are oval, of a pale-yellow color, and covered with 
a net-work of raised lines. They are laid in little clusters 
here and there on the branches. 

As the habits of this insect are similar to those of the 
canker-worm, the remedies recommended for the latter will 
prove equally efficient in this instance. 



No. 47. — The White Eugonia. 

Eugonia subsignaria (Hubner). 

This insect has only recently been reported as injurious to 
the foliage of the apple. It has long been known as de- 
structive to shade-trees, particularly the elm. From a com- 
munication to the "Canadian Entomologist," vol. xiv. \). 30, 
by Mr. Charles R. Dodge, of 
Washington, D.C., it appears *^' ^"^' 

that the larva of this moth 
has become exceedingly in- 
jurious to apple-trees in some 
parts of Georgia. 

The moth is pure white, 
and measures, when its wings 
are spread, about an inch and 
a half across. In the male 
the antennae are pectinated or 
toothed (Fig. 109 re})resents a male); in the female they are 
much less toothed. When resting on the trees, these moths 




112 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



Fig. 110. 




are easily disturbed, and on the slightest alarm drop to the 
ground for protection. 

The eggs are usually deposited on the under side of the 
limbs, near the tops of the trees, in patches, consisting often 
of many hundreds, arranged in rows closely crowded together. 
They are smooth, irregularly ovoid, slightly flattened on the 
sides, rounded at the bottom, while the top is depressed, 
with a whitish rim or edge, forming a perfect oval ring. The 
egg hatches about the 1st of May. 

The caterpillar (Fig. 110) is dark brown, with a large red 
head; the terminal segment is also red. It lives in this 
stage about forty days, and then changes 
to a chrysalis, in which condition it re- 
mains about ten days, when the moth 
escapes. This insect, when very abun- 
dant, devours the leaves of almost every 
variety of tree, bush, and shrub. 

Where abundant, they may be poisoned, and the orchard 
protected, by syringing the trees with Paris-green and water, 
in the proportion of a teaspoon ful of the poison to two gallons 
of water. 

No. 48. — The Hag-Moth Caterpillar. 
Phohetroii 2)U.hecium (Sni. & Abb.). 

The caterpillar of this moth is a curious, slug-like creature, 
of a dark-brown color, flattened, oblong, or nearly square in 
form, with curious, fleshy append- 
ages protruding from the sides of 
its body. The three middle ones are 
longest, measuring about half an 
inch long, and have their ends 
curved. When this larva is handled, 
the fleshy horns become detached, 
and when spinning its cocoon it 
detaches them and fastens them to 
the outside. Fig. Ill gives a side view as well as a back view 
of this larva. It feeds on the cherry as well as the apple. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



113 



The cocoon is small, round, and compact, usually fastened 
to a limb or twig of tiie tree on which the larva has fed. 

The moth escapes in about ten days. It is of a dusky- 
brown color, the front wings variegated with pale yellowish 
brown, and crossed by a narrow, wavy, curved band of the 
same color, edged near the outer margin with dark brown, and 
having near the middle a light-brown spot. When its wings 
are expanded, it measures from an inch to an inch and a 
quarter across. It is an insect which has always hitherto 
been rare, and is never likely to do much injury. 



Fig. 112 



No. 49. — The Saddle-back Caterpillar. 

Em])retia sthnulea Clemens. 

This caterpillar, which is represented in Fig. 112, a, a back 
view, 6, a side view, is often found feeding on apple-leaves, 
also on those of the cherry, 
grape, raspberry, currant, 
rose,althsea, Indian corn, and 
sumach. It is of a reddish- 
brown color, rounded above, 
flattened beneath, armed 
with prickly tiiorns, which 
are longest on the fourth and 
tenth segments, and with a 
bright pea-green patch, some- 
what resembling a saddle in 
form, over the middle portion of the body, centred with a 
broad, elliptical, reddish spot, the red spot and green patch 
both being edged with white. The thorns with which the 
body is armed sting like a nettle when applied to the back of 
the hand, or any other part where the skin is tender, and the 
parts touched swell with watery pustules, the irritation being 
accdmpanied with luuch itching. The under part of the body 
of the larva is flesh-colored ; there are three pairs of thoracic 
legs, but the thick, fleshy, abdominal legs found in most other 





114 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

caterpillars are wanting in this species, and the larva glides 
along with a snail-like motion. 

The cocoon is rounded, almost spherical, and is surrounded 
with a loose silken web. 

The liioth (Fig. 113) appears on the wing from the middle 
to the end of June ; but it is a rare insect, and is seldom 

captured even by collectors. The 
Fig. 113. wings are of a deep, rich, reddish, 

velvety brown, with a dark streak 
about the middle of the fore wings, 
extending from the body half-way 
across, and on this is a golden 
spot; there are also two golden 
spots near the apex of the wing. When the wings are spread 
they measure nearly an inch and a half across. 

In the larval state this insect is preyed on by a small Ich- 
neumon fly, and, never being abundant, other remedies are 
not needed to subdue it. 

No. 50.— The Apple-leaf Miner. 

Tischeria malifoliella Clemens. 

The larva of this insect lives within the leaf of the apple- 
tree, between the u})per and the under skin, devouring the soft 
tissues, and burrowing an irregular channel, which begins as 
a slender white line, dilating as the larva increases in size, and 
ultimately becoming an irregular brownish patch, sometimes 
extending to, or over, the place of beginning. The caterpillar 
is of a pale-green color, with a brown head, and the next seg- 
ment brownish. 

When about to change to a pupa, the leaf is drawn into a 
fold, which is carpeted with silk, and in this enclosure the 
chrysalis is formed, the change occurring during September. 
When the leaf falls, its occupant falls with it, and remains on 
the ground within the folded leaf until the following May. 

The moth is a tiny creature, measuring, when its wings are 
spread, a little more than a quarter of an inch across. The 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



115 



fore wings are of a shining dark brown, suffnsed with a tinge 
of pnrple, and slightly dusted with dull-yellowish atoms. The 
hind wings are dark gray. 

This insect also mines the leaves of the wild crab-apple, 
different species of thorn, the blackberry, and the raspberry, 
but has never been known to do any material injury. 



No. 51. — The Apple-tree Case-bearer. 

Coleophora malivorella Riley. 

With the opening of spring there will sometimes be found 
on the twigs of apple-trees curious little pistol-shaped cases as 
shown at a, Fig. 114. Each of these on examination will be 

Fig. 114. 




found to contain a larva, possessing the power of moving from 
place to place and carrying its protecting case with it. These 
cases are very tough, almost horny in their texture, and seem 
to be proof against the attack of insect enemies. As the buds 
begin to swell, the cases will be found here and there stickiug 
on them, while the active little foe within is busily devouring 
their interior. In this way many of the fruit-buds are de- 
stroyed, nothing but hollow shells being left. As the season 
advances, the caterpillars leave the twigs and fasten on the 



116 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

leaves, on which they also feed, sometimes reducing them to 
mere skeletons. Late in June the change to chrysalis takes 
place, and the moths appear on the wing in July. They fly 
at night, and deposit their eggs on the leaves; these eggs hatch 
during August and September, the larvse living and feeding 
on the under side of the leaves until frost comes, when before 
the leaves fall they migrate to the twigs, and, fastening their 
odd little cases firmly with silken threads, remain torpid until 
the following spring; then, aroused to activity by the first 
warm days, they attack the swelling buds, as already described. 
The larva (6, Fig. 114) is of a pale-yellow color, with a faint 
rosy tint, a black head, and a few short hairs on its body. In 
the figure it is much magnified ; the hair-line adjoining shows 
its natural size; c represents the chrysalis, and d the moth, 
both enlarged. The wings of the moth are brown, with white 
scales, head and thorax white, abdomen whitish, all dotted 
with brown scales. The wings, when expanded, measure a 
little more than half an inch across. 

No. 52. — The Resplendent Shield-bearer. 

Aspidisca splendor if crella Clemens. 

Occasionally there may be found on the limbs of apple- 
trees during the winter clusters of little oval seed-like bodies, 
as shown at d, Fig. 115; these on examination will be found 
to be formed of minute portions of apple-leaves, and on open- 
ing one of them it will be seen to contain a small yellowish 
larva, or, if the season be advanced, perha])s a chrysalis. 

During the month of May a very small but very beautiful 
motli escapes from each of these enclosures. The moth is rep- 
resented at g in Fig. 115, much magnified. Its head is golden, 
the antennae brown, tinged with gold ; the fore wings from the 
base to the middle are of a leaden gray with a metallic lustre, 
and from the middle to the tip golden ; a broad silvery streak 
extends from the front edge to about the middle, margined 
with a dark color on both sides ; there are also other streaks 
and spots of silvery and dark brown. The hind wings are 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



117 



of a rich deep gray margined with a long yellowish-browu 
fringe. It is an active little creature, running about on the 
upper surface of the leaves in the sunshine, with its wings 
closely folded to its body. 

The eggs are laid on the apple-leaves, and the young larva 

Fig. 115. 




when liatched penetrates to the interior of the leaf, mining it, 
leaving the upper and under surfaces unbroken, but forming 
after a time an irregular, dark-colored blotch upon the leaf. 
When mature, it forms from the leafy blotch its little case, 
and, crawling with it, fastens it securely to a near twig or 
branch of the tree. At this period the larva presents the 



118 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

appearance shown at b, and is then about one-eighth of an 
inch long, and of a yellowish-brown color, with a dark head. 
Shortly, contracting within its case, it appears as shown at c, 
and finally transforms to a chrysalis, as seen at/ in the figure. 

There are two broods during the season, the moths appear- 
ing in May and again in July and August, the first brood of 
the larvse being found in June, the second brood at the latter 
end of the season. 

Remedies. — A minute parasitic fly, shown at h in Fig. 115, 
attacks this tiny creature and destroys it. (All these figures, 
except that of the leaf, are much magnified, the short lines 
at the side or below showing the natural size.) Should these 
insects prevail to such an extent as to require man's inter- 
ference, the cases might be scraped from the branches and 
destroyed during the winter, or the limbs brushed with the 
alkaline wash or the mixture of sulphur and lime recom- 
mended for the woolly apple-louse, No. 9. 

No. 53. — The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix. 

Bucculatrix pomifoUella Clemens. 

The larva of this insect feeds externally on the leaves of 
apple-trees, and is very active, letting itself down from the 
tree by a silken thread when disturbed. When full grown, 
it is nearly half an inch long, with a brown head and a dark 
yellowish-green body, its anterior portion tinged with reddish, 
and having; a few short hairs scattered over its surface. 

When full grown, the caterpillar spins an elongated, whitish 
cocoon, attached to the twig on the leaves of which it has 
been feeding ; this cocoon is ribbed longitudinally, as shown 
at 6, Fig. 116, and within this enclosure the larva changes to 
a brown chrysalis. The second brood is found late in the 
autumn, the insect remaining in the chrysalis state during the 
winter. The moths issue the following spring, when they 
lay eggs for the first brood of caterpillars, which are found 
injuring the foliage during the month of June, 

The fore wings of the moth (c. Fig. 116) are whitish, 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



119 



Fio. 116. 




tinged with pale yellow, and dusted with brown. On the 
middle of the inner margin is a large, oval patch of dark 
brown, forming, 
when the wings are 
closed, a couspicu- 
o is, nearly round 
spot ; there is a wide 
streak of the same 
hue opposite, ex- 
tending to the front 
margin, and a dark- 
brown spot near the 
tip. In the figure 
the moth is shown 
highly magnified. Sometimes this insect appears in immense 
numbers, and then becomes injurious. 

Remedies. — As the cocoons of the second brood remain 
attached to the trees all winter, abundant opportunity is 
afforded to destroy them. Any oily or alkaline liquid brushed 
over them will usually penetrate and destroy the enclosed 
insect. A minute parasitic fly is destructive to this pest, 
and the cocoons may often be found perforated with small 
round holes at one end, through which these tiny friends have 
escaped. 

No. 54. — The Apple Lyonetia. 

Lyonetia saccatella Packard. 

This is a tiny moth, but a very beautiful one, which ap- 
pears early in the summer; its wings, when expanded, meas- 
ure only one-fifth of an inch across. It is 
shown, much magnified, in Fig. 117. The 
fore wings are of a light slate-gray on the 
inner half, while the outer half is bright 
orange, enclosing two white bands, one 
arising on the front edge, the other on the 
inner margin, both nearly meeting in the middle of the 
wing; these white bands are margined externally with black. 




120 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



There is a conspicuous black spot near the fringe, from which 

arises a pencil- of black hairs. 

The larva (Fig. 118), which feeds on apple-leaves, is small, 

flattened, and of a green color. It constructs from the skin 
of the leaf a flattened, oval case, in 

Fig. 118. Fig. 119. ^hich it lives ; the case is open at each 

y^Cy^ [ end, and is drawn about by the larva 
as it moves from place to place. The 
case is represented in Fig. 119. (Both 
case and larva are magnified.) The 
larva becomes full grown about the 

end of August, and attaches its cocoon to the bark of the tree 

on which it is feeding, changing there to a chrysalis, in which 

condition it remains until the following spring. 




Fig. 120. 



No. 55. — The Rosy Hispa. 

Odoniota rosea (Weber). 

This is a small, flat, rough, coarsely-punctated beetle, its 
wing-covers forming an oblong square, as shown in Fig. 120; 
there are three smooth, raised, longitudinal lines on each of 
tiiem, spotted with red, while the spaces between 
are deeply punctated with double rows of dots. 
The head is small, the antennae short, thickened 
towards the end, and the thorax rough above, 
striped with deep red on each side. The under 
side of the body is usually darker in color, some- 
times blackish. This beetle is found from the 
latter part of May until the middle of June, and 
deposits its eggs on the leaves of the apple-tree. These are 
small, rough, and of a blackish color, fastened to the surface 
pf the leaves, sometimes singly and sometimes in clusters of 
four or fiv'e. , 

The larvae, when hatched, eat their way into the interior 
of the leaf, where they feed upon its green, pulpy substance, 
leaving the skin above and below entire, which soon turns 
brown and dry, forming a blister-like spot. The larva, when 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 121 

full grown, which is usually during the month of July, is 
about one-fifth of an inch long, oblong in form, rather 
broader before than behind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish- 
white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny 
consistence. Each of the three anterior segments has a pair 
of legs; the other segments are provided with small fleshy 
warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasp-like 
points above and beneath. 

The caterpillar changes to a chrysalis within the leaf, from 
which, in about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within 
these blister-like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed 
beetle may often be found. This insect never occurs in suf- 
ficient numbers to be a source of much trouble. 

No. 56. — The Cloaked Chrysomela. 

Ghjptoscelis crypticus (Say). 

This is another beetle which devours the foliage of the 
apple-tree, also that of the oak-tree. It is of a thick, cylin- 
drical form, about one-third of an inch long, with its head 
sunk into the thorax, and the thorax narrower than 
the body. It is of a pale ash-gray color, from being ^^^- 121. 
entirely covered with short whitish hairs. The 
closed wing-covers have a small notch at the top of 
their suture. At the j unction of the wing-covers with 
the thorax there is a dusky spot. This insect is 
represented in Fig. 121. 

No. 57. — The Apple-tree Aphis. 
Aphis mall Fabr. 

During the winter there may often be found in the crevices 
and cracks of the bark of the twigs of the ai)ple-tree, and 
also about the base of the buds, a number of very minute, 
oval, shining black eggs. These are the eggs of the apple- 
tree aphis, known also as the apple-leaf aphis, Aphis mali- 
folide Fitch. They are deposited in the autumn, and when 




122 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



first laid are of a light yellow or green color, but gradually 
become darker, and finally black. 

As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, these 
eggs hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves upon the 
swelling buds and the small, tender leaves, and, inserting their 
beaks, feed on the juices. All the lice thus hatched at this 
period of the year are females, and reach maturity in ten or 
twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living 
young, producing about two daily for two or three weeks, 
after which the older ones die. The young locate about the 
parents as closely as they can stow themselves, and they 
also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve days, and 
are as prolific as their predecessors. They thus increase so 
rapidly that as fast as new leaves expand colonies are ready 
to occn[)y them. As the season advances, some of the females 
acquire wings, and, dispersing, found new colonies on other 
trees. When cold weather approaches, males as well as 
females are produced, and the season closes with the deposit 
of a stock of eggs for the continuance of the species another 
year. 

When newly born, the apple aphis is almost white, but 
soon becomes of a pale, dull greenish yellow. The mature 
females are generally without wings; their bodies are oval in 
form, less than one-tenth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish- 
green color, often striped 
with deeper green. The 
eyes are black, honey- 
tubes green, and there is 
a short, tail-like appen- 
dage of a black color. 
The accompanying il- 
lustration (Fig. 122) of 
a winged male and wing- 
less female, highly mag- 
nified, shows the struc- 
ture and shape of the insect ; its beak, which proceeds from 



Fig. 122. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 123 

tlie under side of the head, is here hidden from view in the 
male, but t-an be seen in the female. 

The winged females and the males are very similar in color. 
The head, thorax, and antennic are black, with the neck usually 
green. The abdomen is short and thick, of an oval form 
and bright-green color, with a row of black dots along each 
side; the nectaries and tail-like appendage are black; the 
wings are transparent, with dark-brown veins. 

Most of the insects belonging to this family are provided 
with two little tubes or knobs, which project, one on each 
side, from the liinder part of their bodies ; these are called 
honey-tubes, or nectaries, and from them is secreted in con- 
siderable quantities a sweet fluid. This fluid falling upon 
the leaves and evaporating gives them a shiny appearance, as 
if coated with varnish, and for the purpose of feeding upon 
this sweet deposit, which is known as honey-dew, different 
species of ants and flies are found visiting them. Ants also 
visit the colonies of aphides and stroke the insects with their 
antennae to induce them to part with some of the sweet liquid, 
which is greedily sipped up. This fluid is said to serve as 
food for a day or two to the newly-born young. 

The leaves of trees infested by these insects become dis- 
torted and twisted backwards, often with their tips pressing 
against the twig from whicli they grow, and they thus form 
a covering for the aphides, protecting them from rain. An 
infested tree may be distingtiished at some distance by this 
bending back of the leaves and young twigs. It is stated 
that the scab on the fruit of the apple-tree often owes its 
origin to the punctures of these plant-lice. This species, 
which was originally imported from Euro|)e, is now found 
in apple- orchards all over the Northern United States and 
Canada. 

Remedies. — Scraping the dead bark off" the trees during the 
winter and washing them with a solution of soft soap and soda, 
as recommended for No. 2, the two-striped borer, would be 
beneficial, by destroying the eggs. Syringing the trees, about 



124 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

the time the buds are bursting, with strong soap-suds, weak 
lye, or tobacco-water, the latter made by boiling one pound 
of the rough stems or leaves in a gallon of water, will destroy 
a large number of the young lice. A frost occurring after 
a few days of warm weather will kill millions of them; in 
the egg state the insects can endure any amount of frost, but 
the young ni)his quickly perishes when the temperature falls 
below the freezing-point. 

Myriads of these aphides are devoured by Lady-birds and 
their larvfe. In Fig. 123 is represented the Nine-spotted 

Fig. 123. Fig. 124. Fig. 125. 






Lady-bird, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, one of our com- 
monest species, which is found almost everywhere ; it is of a 
brick-red color, and is ornamented with nine black spots. 

The Two-spotted Lady-bird, Adalia bipunctata (Linn.) 
(Fig. 124), is also extremely common. This is very similar in 
color to the nine-spotted species, but in this one there is only 
a single spot on each M^ing-case. In the figure the insect is 
shown magnified. 

Fig. 125 represents the Plain Lady-bird, Oycloneda san- 
guinea (Linn.). This is somevvhat smaller in size than the 
last two species named, of a lighter shade of red, and without 
any spots on its wing-cases. It is known also as Coccinella 
munda. 

The Comely Lady-bird, Coccinella venusta Mels. (Fig. 126), 
is pink, with ten large black spots, the hinder ones being 
united together. 

The Tliirteen-spotted Lady-bird, Hippodamia 13-punctata 
(Herbst), is shown in Fig. 127 ; it is larger than C. sanguinea, 
and has thirteen black spots on a brick-red ground. 

In Fig. 128, G, is represented the Convergent Lady-bird, 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



125 



Hippodamia convergens Guer., which is of an orange red, 
marked with black and white. The larva is shown of its 



Fig. 126. 



Fig. 127. 



Fig. 128. 





natural size at a, its colors being black, orange, and blue, 
and when full grown it attaches itself to the under side of a 
leaf and changes to a chrysalis, which is shown at 6. 

The Spotted Lady-bird, Megilla maculata (De ^f^- 129. 
Geer) (see Fig. 129), is of a pinkish color, some- *^^^^ 
times pale red. It has large black blotches, twelve "^MiH 
in all, on its wing-cases ; two on one wing-cover are /^ilF v- 
opposite to and touch two on the other. 

Fig. 130 represents the Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird, Anatis 
lo -punctata (OH v.), the largest of them all. It is a very 



Fig. 130. 




variable insect; at d, e,f, g, are shown four of the different 
forms under which it is seen ; a shows the larva in the act 
of devouring a young larva of the Colorado potato-beetle, 
to Avhich it is also partial, while b represents the chrysalis. 

The Painted Lady-bird, Harmonia picta (Rand), is a very 
pretty little insect. (See Fig. 131.) At b it is shown of the 
natural size, at c enlarged ; it is of a pale straw-color, marked 
with black, as in the figure. The larva, a, is of a dusky 



126 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



brown, with paler markings. This species is most commonly 
found feeding on lice which attack the pine. 

All the Lady-birds are very useful creatures, and, with their 



Fig. 131. 



Fig. 132. 





a b 

larvse, should be encouraged and protected by the fruit-grower 
in every possible way. 

The larvffi of tiie Lace-winged or Golden-eyed Flies, Chry- 
sopa, are equally destructive to aphides, roaming about among 
them like so many tigers with appetites almost insatiable. At 
h, Fig. 132, one of these larvae is shown, and at a some of the 
eggs, which are attached to the end of fine upright threads or 
stalks. These are usually found in clusters. The perfect in- 



FlG. 1 




Fig. 134. 




sect has four delicate, transparent, whitish wings (see Fig. 133) 
netted like fine lace, bright-golden eyes, and a beautiful green 
bodv. Fig. 134 shows the same insect with its wings closed ; 



Fig. 135. 



also a side view of a cluster of eggs. While beau- 



tiful to look at, the insects are offensive to han lie, 
as when touched they emit a very sickening, pun- 
gent, and persistent odor. 

Other friendly helpers in this good work are the 
larvse of the Syrphus flies. These are fleshy larvse, 
thick and blunt behind, and pointed in front. (See Fig. 135.) 
Their mouths are furnished with a triple-pointed dart, with 




ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



127 



FIG.13G. 



which they seize and pierce their prey, aad, elevating it, as 
shown in tiie figure, deliberately suck it dry. They are quite 
blind, but tlie eggs from which they 
hatch are deposited by the parent flies 
in the midst of the colonies of plant- 
lice, where they grope about and obtain 
an abundance of food without much 
trouble. In Fig. 136 is shown one of 
the flies. They are black with transparent wings, and are 
prettily ornamented with yellow strijDes across their bodies. 




ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 
No. 58.— The Codling Moth. 

Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.). 

In the accompanying figure, 137, a shows the burrowings 
of this larva, b the point where it effected its entrance, e the 
larva full grown, h the 
anterior part of its body, 
magnified, d the chrys- 
alis, i the cocoon, / the 
moth with its wings 
closed, and g the same 
with wings expanded. A 
better representation of 
the moth is given, mag- 
nified, in Fig. 138. The 
larger opening at the 
side of the apple shows 
where the full - grown 
larva has escaped. 

This is one of the 
most troublesome insects with which fruit-growers have to 
contend, and although of foreign origin, having been im- 





128 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

ported from Europe about the beguming of the jiresent cen- 
tury, it is now found in almost all parts of North America, 
entailing an immense yearly loss upon apple-growers. 

The early brood of moths ai)pear on the wing about the 
time of the opening of the apple-blossoms, when the female 
deposits her tiny yellow eggs singly in the calyx or eye, just 
as the young apple is forming ; in a few instances they have 
been observed in the hollow at the stalk 
Fig. 138. end, and occasionally on the smooth 

surface of the cheek of the apple. In 
about a week the egg hatches, and the 
tiny worm at once begins to eat through 
the apple to the core. Usually its cast- 
ings are pushed out through the hole 
by which it has entered, the passage being enlarged from 
time to time for this purpose. Some of the castings commonly 
adhere to the apple ; hence, before the worm is full grown, 
infested fruit may generally be detected by the mass of red- 
dish-brown exuviae protruding from the eye. Sometimes as 
the larva approaches maturity it eats a passage through the 
apple at the side, as shown in the figure, and out of this 
opening thrusts its castings, and through it the larva, when 
full grown, escapes. The head and u])per portion of the first 
segment of the young larva are usually black, but as it ap- 
proaches maturity these change to a brown coloi". The body 
is of a flesh-color, or pinkish tint, more highly colored on 
the back ; it is also sprinkled with minute, elevated points, 
from each of which there arises a single fine hair. 

In three or four weeks from the time of hatching the early 
brood of larvae attain full growth, when the occupied apples 
generally fall prematurely to the ground, sometimes with the 
worm in them, but more commonly after it has escaped. The 
larvse, which leave the apples Mdiile still on the trees, either 
crawl down the branches to the trunk of the tree, or let them- 
selves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, which they 
spin at will. In either case, whether they crawl up or down, 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 129 

the greater portion of tliem find their way to the trunks of 
the trees, where, under the rough bark and in cracks and 
crevices, they spin their cocoons. 

Having selected a suitable hiding-place, the larva constructs 
a papery-looking silken cocoon, shown at i in the figure, which 
is white inside, and disguised on the outside by attaching to 
the silky threads small fragments of the bark of the tree or 
other available debris. After the cocoon is completed, the 
change to the chrysalis takes place in the early brood in about 
three days. At first the pupa is of a pale-yellow color, deep- 
ening in a day or two to pale brown ; the insect remains in 
this condition about two weeks, when the moth escapes. 

Each moth is capable of laying on an average probably not 
less than fifty eggs, but these are not all matured at once ; by 
careful dissection they maybe found in the body of the moth 
in different stages of development. Hence they are deposited 
successively, extending over a j)eriod probably of from one 
to two weeks or more ; add to this the fact that some of the 
moths are retarded in their development in the spring, and 
it is easy to account for the finding of larvae of various sizes 
at the same time ; indeed, sometimes the later specimens from 
the first brood will not have escaped from the fruit before 
some of the young larvse of the second brood make their ap- 
pearance, the broods thus, as it were, overlapping each other, 
and very much extending the period for the appearance of 
the winged insects. 

The moth [g, Fig. 137), although small, is a beautiful 
object. The fore wings are marked with alternate irregular, 
transverse, wavy streaks of ash-gray and brown, and have on 
the inner hind angle a large, tawny-brown spot, with streaks 
of light bronze or copper color, nearly in the form of a horse- 
shoe ; at a little distance they resemble watered silk. The 
hind wings and abdomen are of a light yellowish brown, 
with the lustre of satin. The moth conceals itself during the 
daytime, and appears only at night, and, since it is not read- 
ily attracted by light, is seldom seen. The second brood of 

9 



130 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

moths are usually on the wing during the latter half of July, 
when they pair, and in a few days the female begins to de- 
])osit her eggs for the later brood of larvse, generally selecting 
for this purpose the later apples. These larvse mature during 
the autumn or early winter months; if they escape before the 
fruit is gathered, tiiey seek some sheltered nook under the 
loose bark of a tree or other convenient hiding-place ; but 
if carried with the fruit into the cellar, they may often be 
found about the barrels and bins in t\'hich it is stored ; a 
favorite hiding-place is between the hoops and staves of the 
apple-barrels, where they are found sometimes by hundreds. 
If thus provided with snug winter-quarters, and through 
negligence allowed to escape, the fruit-grower must expect to 
suffer increased loss from his want of care. Having fixed on 
a suitable spot, the larva spins its little tough cocoon, firmly 
fastened to the place of attachment, and within this it re- 
mains in the larval state until early the following spring,^ 
when it changes to a brown chrysalis, and shortly afterwards 
the moth appears, to begin the work of the opening season. 

Besides injuring the apple, it is very destructive to the pear ; 
it is also found on the wild crab, and occasionally on the j)lum 
and peach. Sometimes two larvae will be found in the same 
fruit. 

Remedies. — The most effective method yet devised for re- 
ducing the numbers of this insect is to trap the larva) and 
chrysalids and destroy them. This is best done by applying 
bands around the trunks of the trees about six inches in width ; 
strips of old sacking, carpet, cloth, or fabric of any kind will 
serve the purpose, and, although not so durable, many use 
common brown paper. Whatever material is used, it should 
be wound entirely round the tree once or twice, and fastened 
with a string or tack. Within such enclosures the larvae hide 
and transform. The bands should be applied not later than 
the 1st of June, and visited every eight or ten days until the 
last of August, each time taken off and examined, and all 
the worms and chrysalids found under them destroyed; they 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



131 



should also be visited once after the crop is secured. Some 
persons prefer to use narrower bands, not more than four 
inches wide, and fasten them with a tack, while others se- 
cure them in their place by merely tucking the end under. 
Usually the cocoons under the bandages are partly attached 
to the tree and partly to the bandage, so that when the latter 
is removed the cocoon is torn asunder, when it often hap[)ens 
that the larva or chrysalis will fall to the ground, and, if it 
escapes notice, may there complete its transformations. Wide- 
mouthed bottles partly filled with sweetened water, and hung 
in the trees, have been recommended as traps for the cotlling 
moth, but there is no reliable evidence that any appreciable 
benefit has ever been derived from their use. There is no 
doubt that a large number of moths can be captured in this 
manner, but it is a rare thing to find a codling moth among 
them. Neither is the plan of lighting fires in the orchard of 
much avail, since codling moths are rarely attracted by light. 
It has also been asserted that syringing the trees, about the 
time when the fruit is setting, with a mixture of Paris-green 
or London-purple and water will deter the moths from placing 
their eggs on the apples, and thus protect the fruit from injury. 

The fallen fruit should be 
promptly gathered and de- 
stroyed. It has been recom- 
mended that hogs be kept in 
the orchard for the purpose of 
devouring such fruit ; and, 
where they can be so kept 
without injury to the trees or 
to other crops, they will no 
doubt prove useful. 

This insect, while in the lar- 
val state, is so protected within 
the apple that it enjoys great 
immunity from insect enemies. Nevertheless it is occasion- 
ally reached by the ever-watchful Ichneumons, two species 



Fig. 139. 




132 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



of which are known to occur as parasites within the bodies of 
the larvae. They have been bred by Mr. C. V. Riley, who 
describes them in his fiftli Missouri Report. One is a small 
black fly, from one-fourth to one-half inch in length ; its legs 
are reddish, the hind pair having a broad white ring. It 
is called the Ring-legged Pimpla, Pimpla annulipes Br., and 
is represented, much magnified, in Fig. 139. The other 

species is about the 
Fig. 140. same size, but more 

slender, and of a 
yellow or brownish- 
yellow color. The 
female is provided 
with a long, ovipos- 
itor, as seen in 
Fig. 140, where the 
insect is shown 
highly magnified. 
The abdomen of the 
male is represented 
to the right of the 
figure. This spe- 
cies is known as 
the Delicate Long- 
sting, 3Iacrocentrus 
delicatus Cresson. 
These useful insect 
friends are not yet 
i-ufficiently numer- 
ous to check materially the increase of the codling moth, 
and it is doubtful if they ever will be. When the codling 
worm has left the fruit in which it has been feeding, and while 
wandering about in search of a suitable spot in which to pass 
its chrysalis stage, it is liable to be attacked by any of the 
ground-beetles, Carabidse, both in their larval and their 
perfect state, also by the larvae of soldier-beetles and other 




ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



133 



carnivorous insects. Some of the smaller insectivorous birds 
are also said to devour this insect both in the larval and 
in the pupal condition. 

No. 59. — The Apple Curculio. 

Anthonomus quadrigibhus Say. 

This is a small beetle, a little smaller than a plum curculio, 

of a dull-brown color, having a long, thin snout, which sticks 

out more or less horizontally, and cannot be folded under the 

body, as is the case with many species of Curculio. This 

snout in the female is as long as the body ; in the male it is 

about half that length. In addition to the prominent snout, 

it is furnished with four conspicuous brownish-red humps to- 

Avards the hinder part of its body, from which it takes its 

specific name, quadrigibhus. Including the snout, its length is a 

quarter of an inch or more. In the accompawyiug figure, 141, 

the insect is magnified ; a reii- 

. . JFiG. 141. 

resents a back view, b a side 

view ; the outline at the left 
shows its natural size. Its 
body is dull brown, shaded 
with rusty red ; the thorax 
and anterior third of the wing- 
covers are grayish. 

This is a native American 
insect which formerly bred ex- 
clusively in the wild crabs and haws; it is single-brooded, 
and passes the winter in the beetle state. The beetle appears 
quite early, and the larva may often be found hatched before 
the middle of June, and in various stages of its growth in 
the fruit during June, July, and August. 

The beetle with its long snout drills holes into the young 
apples, much like the puncture of a hot needle, the hole 
being round, and surrounded by a blackish margin. Those 
which are drilled by the insect when feeding are about one- 
tenth of an inch deep, and scooped out broadly at the bottom ; 




134 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



those which the female makes for her eggs are scooped out 
still more broadly, and the egg is placed at the bottom. The 
egg is of a yellowish color, and in shape a long oval, being 
about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in length and not quite half 
that in width. As soon as the larva hatches, it burrows to 
the heart of the fruit, where it feeds around tlie core, which 
becomes partly filled with rust-red excrement. In about a 
month it attains full size, when it presents the appearance 
shown in Fig. 142; 6 represents the larva highly magnified, 
and a the chrysalis. 

The larva is a soft, white grub, nearly half an inch in 
length, with a yellowish-brown head and jaws. Its body is 

much wrinkled, the spaces 



Fig. 142. 



4irj 




between the folds being of 
a bluish-black color; there is 
also a line of a bluish shade 
down the back. Having 
no legs, it is incapable of 
much movement, and re- 
mains within the fruit it oc- 
cupies, changing there to a 
chrysalis of a whitish color 
(see Fig. 142 a), and in two or three weeks, when perfected, 
the beetle cuts a hole through the fruit and escapes. 

When feeding, this insert makes a number of holes or 
punctures, and around these a hard knot or swelling* forms, 
whicii much disfigures the fruit ; pears, as well as apples, are 
injured in this way. The infested fruits do not usually fall 
to the ground, as do apples affected by the codling woi:m, but 
remain attached to the tree, and the insect, from its habit 
of living within the fruit through all its stages, is a difficult 
one to destroy. Picking the affected sj)ecimens from the 
tree, and vigorously jarring the tree during the time when 
the beetle is about, will bring it to the ground, where it can 
be destroyed in the same manner as recommended for the 
plum curculio. Fortunately, it is seldom found in such 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 135 

abundance as to do much damage to the fruit-crop. In 
Southern Illinois and in some portions of Missouri it has 
proved destructive, hut in most of the Northern United 
States and in Canada, although common on thorn-bushes and 
crab-apples, it seldom attacks the more valuable fruits to any 
considerable extent. 

No. 60. — The Apple Mag^got. 

Trypeta pomonella Walsh. 

This is a footless maggot, shown at a, Fig. 143, tapering to 
a point in front, and cut squarely off behind, which lives in 
the pulp of the apple, and tunnels it with winding channels, 
making here and there little roundish discolored excavations 
about the size of a pea. This maggot is of a greenish-white 
color, about one-fifth of an inch long, with a pointed head 
and a pale-brown, flattish, rough tubercle behind it ; the 
hinder segment has two pale-brown tubercles below. 

The pupa is of a pale yellowish-brown color, and differs 
from the larva only in being contracted in length ; in this in- 
stance the true pupa is enclosed within the shrunken skin of 
the larva. When about to change, the maggot leaves the 
apple, and, falling to the ground, burrows under the surface, 
and there enters the chrysalis state, in which condition it re- 
mains until the middle of the following summer, when the 
perfect insect escapes in the form of a two-winged fly. 

The fly (6, Fig. 143) is about one-fifth of an inch long, and 
measures, when its wings are expanded, nearly half an inch 
across. The head and legs are rust-red, the thorax shining 
black, more or less marked with grayish or white ; the ab- 
domen is black, with dusky hairs, and with whitish hairs bor- 
dering the spaces between the segments of the body. The 
wings are whitish glassy, with dusky bands. This insect is 
single-brooded, the fly appearing in July, when, by means of 
a sharp ovipositor, it inserts its eggs into the substance of 
the apple. It frequently attacks apples which have been 
previously perforated by the codling worm, and it prefers the 



],36 J N SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 

tliiii-skinned summer and fall apples to the winter varieties 
It is, however, frequently found in apples which have been 
stored, and lias thus proved very troublesome in many parts 

Fig. 143. 




of the country, especially in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
New York. It is a native insect, found feeding on haw.s, and 
probably also on crab-apples. 

No. 61. — The Apple Midge. 

Sciara mali (Fitch). 

This is also a small maggot, found devouring the flesh of 
ripened and stored apples, and hastening their decay. It ap- 
pears to attack chiefly, if not wholly, those specimens which 
have been previously perforated by the codling worm, thus 
adding to the damage caused by that destructive pest, and 
when this insect has completed its transformations within 
the apple, the hole made by the codling worm affords this fly 
a ready means of exit. 

The larvae are long and slender, tapering gradually to a 
point at the head, the hinder end being blunt; they are of a 
glassy-white color, and semi-transparent. When present, they 
are generally found in considerable numbers, and they burrow 
many channels through the flesh of the apple, converting it 
into a spongy substance of a dull-yellowish color. 

The change to a chrysalis takes place within the fruit. The 
pupa is about one-eighth of an inch long, somewhat sticky on 
the surface, of an elongated, oval form, })ointed at one end. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



137 



and rounded at the other; the head, thorax, and wing-cases 
are black ; the abdomen is dull yellow. 

The perfect insect very much resembles the Hessian fly in 
appearance, except that its legs are not so long and slender. 
The head, antennae, and thorax are black ; the abdomen 
dusky, almost black, with a pale-yellow band at each of the 
sutures; beneath it is yellow, with a dusky patch on the 
middle of each segment; the tip of the abdomen, ovipositor, 
and legs, are black. The wings are dull hyaline, tinged with 
a smoky hue, and about one-fourth longer than the body. 

This insect has not thus far proved very destructive, and 
from its habits is scarcely likely to become so. 

No. 62.— The Apple Fly. 

JJrosophila f 

This is a two-winged fly, an undetermined species of 
Drosophila, very similar in its habits to the apple midge, 
but it usually attacks the earlier varieties, showing a pref- 
erence for such as are sweet. The larva (see a, Fig. 144) 





generally enters the apple where it has been bored by the cod- 
ling worm, or through the punctures made by the apple cur- 
culio, and sometimes through the calyx when the apple is 
quite sound. In August the fly (see Fig. 144, h) matures and 
deposits eggs for another brood, and successive generations 
follow until winter begins. The chrysalids may be found 
during the winter in the bottoms of apple-barrels, and in this 
inactive state they remain until the following season. Usually 



138 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



several insects are found in the same apple, and sometimes the 
fruit is almost alive with them, when, being rapidly riddled 
with their borings, it speedily decays. 

No. 63.— The Apple Thrips. 

PhlceoiJinps mali Fitch. 

This is a very small insect, about one-eighteenth of an inch 
long. It is slender, of a blackish-purple color, with narrow, 
silvery-white wings. Occasionally apples are found early in 
August, small and withered, with a cavity near their tip, 
about the size of a pea, and the surface of a blackened color, 
appearing as if the cavity had been gnawed out. Within this 
may usually be found one of these apple thrips, which had 
probably taken up its residence on the fruit while it was very 
small, and by frequent puncturing day after day the ai)ple has 
been stunted in its growth, and finally withers. 

This insect has never yet proved very injurious; should it 
ever become so, it would be a difficult one to exterminate. 
Syringing thoroughly with tobacco-water or a solution of 
whale-oil soap would probably prove efficacious. 

No. 64. — The Ash-gray Pinion. 

Lithophane antennata (Walker.) 
This insect is a moth, the larva of which has occasionally 
Fig. 145. 




been found boring into young apples and peaches during the 
month of June. Fig. 145 illustrates its mode of procedure. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 139 

The caterjjillar is pale green, with cream-colored spots, and a 
broad, cream-colored band along the sides. When full grown, 
it leaves the fruit and works its way under the surface of 
the ground, where it forms a very thin, filmy, silken cocoon, 
within which it changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis. 

The moth escapes in the autumn, and is of a dull ash-gray 
color, with its fore wings variegated with darker gray, or 
grayish brown, as shown in the figure. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AFFECT THE APPLE. 

In addition to those already enumerated, the following 
insects are injurious to the apple, but, since they are more 
destructive to other fruits, they will be referred to under 
other headings. 

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

The pear-blight beetle. No. Q'^ ; the New York weevil, 
No. 100 ; and the red-shouldered Sinoxylon, No. 130. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The tarnished plant-bug. No. 71 ; the pear-tree leaf-miner, 
No. 74 ; grasshoppers. No. 80 ; the gray dagger-moth, No. 
84; the waved Lagoa, No. 89 ; the blue-spangled peach-tree 
caterpillar. No. 102; the lo emperor-moth, No. 112; the 
Ursula butterfly, No. 116 ; the basket or bag-worrn. No. 120 ; 
the white-lined Deilephila, No. 136 ; the rose-beetle. No. 151 ; 
and the smeared dagger. No. 194. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The melancholy Cetonia, No. 82 ; and the plum curculio. 
No. 94. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 

"No. 65. — The Pear-tree Borer. 

JEgeria pyri (Harris). 

This is a whitish grub, resembling that of the peach-tree 
borer, but much smaller, which feeds chiefly upon the inner 
layers of the bark of the pear-tree. Its presence may be 
detected from its habit of throwing out castings resembling 
fine sawdust, which are readily seen upon the bark of the 
tree. Before the larva changes to a chrysalis it eats a passage 
through the bark, leaving only the thinnest possible covering 
unbroken. Retiring towards the interior, it ciianges to a 
chrysalis, and late in the summer the chrysalis wriggles itself 
forward, and, pushing against the paper-like covering which 
conceals its place of retreat, ruptures it, and, projecting itself 
from the orifice, the moth soon bursts its prison-house and 
escapes, leaving nothing but the empty skin behind it. 

The moth (Fig. 146) is somewhat like a small wasp, of 

a purplish or bluish-black color, with three golden-yellow 

stripes on its abdomen ; the edges of the collar. 

Fig. 146. the shoulder-covers, and the fan-shaped brush on 

the tail are of the same golden-yellow hue. The 

wings, which, when expanded, measure more than 

half an inch across, are clear and glass-like, with 

their veins and fringes purplish black, and across 

the tips of the fore wings is a broad dark band with a coppery 

lustre. The under side is pale yellow. 

Remedies. — The trees should be examined in the spring, 

and if evidences of the presence of these larvse are found, 

they should be searched for and destroyed. As a preventive 

measure, paint the trees with the mixture of soft-soap and 

140 




ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 



141 



solution of soda, as recommended for the round-headed borer 
of the apple (No. 2), or mound the trees about midsummer 
with earth, as recommended for the peach-tree borer (Xo. 97). 

No. 66. — The Pigeon Tremex. 

Tremex Columba Linn. 

The female Pigeon Tremex is represented in Fig. 147. It 
is a large wasp-like creature, which measures, when its wings 
are expanded, nearly two 
inches across. The body is Fig. 147. 

cylindrical, and about an 
inch and a half long ex- 
clusive of its boring instru- 
ment, Mdiich projects about 
three-eighths of an inch be- 
yond the body. The wings 
are of a smoky-brown color, 
and semi-transparent ; the 
head and thorax are reddish, 
varied with black, and the 
abdomen is black, crossed by 

seven yellow bands, all except the first two interrupted in 
the middle. The horny tail and a round spot at its base are 
ochre-yellow. 

The male (Fig. 148) is unlike the female: it is smaller and 
has no borer. Its wings are more transparent; the body is 
reddish, varied with black, in form 
somewhat flattened, rather wider be- 
hind, and ends with a conical horn. 
The length of the body is from three- 
fourths of an inch to an inch or more, 
and the wings expand about an inch 
and a half. 

The female bores into the wood of 
the tree with her borer, and, when the 
hole, is made deep enough, drops an egg into it. The egg is 




Fig. 148 




142 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 



oblong-oval, pointed at both ends, and rather less than one- 
twentieth of an inch in length. 

The larva is soft, yellowish white, of a cylindrical form, 
rounded behind, with a conical horny point on the upper 
part of the hinder extremity, and when mature is about an 
inch and a half long. It bores deeply into the interior of the 
wood. Besides the pear, it is injurious to the buttonwood, 
elm, and maple. 

From its secluded habits, this insect is a difficult one to 
cope with ; fortunately, it is seldom present in sufficient num- 
bers to be very injurious. It is said to be destroyed by 
Ichneumon flies, species of Pimpla, furnished with very long 
ovipositors, with which they bore into the trunks of trees 
inhabited by these Tremex larvae, and deposit their eggs in 
them : these hatch into grubs, which consume their substance 
and cause their death. 



ATTAOKINa THE BRANCHES. 



Fig. 149. 



No. 67.— The Twig-girdler. 

Oncideres cingulaius (Say). 

This beetle nearly amputates pear twigs 
during the latter half of August and the early 
Q part of September. The female makes per- 
^ forations (Fig. J 49, 6) in the smaller branches 
7 of the tree upon which she lives, and in the.se 
-■ de})0sits her eggs, one of which is shown of the 
natural size at e. She then proceeds to gnaw 
a groove about one-tenth of an inch wide and 
about a similar depth all around the branch, 
as shown in the figure, when the exterior por- 
tion dies, and the larva, when hatched, feeds 
upon the dead wood. The girdled twigs sooner 
or later fall to the ground, and in them the insect completes 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. I43 

its transformations, and finally escapes as a perfect beetle. 
This insect is about eleven-twentieths of an inch in length, 
with a robust body of a brownish-gray color with dull red- 
dish-yellow dots, and having a broad gray band across the 
middle of the wing-cases. The antennae are longer than the 
body. The beetle is more common on the hickory than on 
the pear. 

To subdue the insect, the dead and fallen twigs should be 
gathered and burnt. 

No. 68. — The Pear-blight Beetle. 

Jj/lehoi us 2)1/1' i (Peck). 

During the heat of midsummer, twigs of the pear-tree some- 
times become suddenly blighted, the leaves and fruit wither, 
and a discoloration of the bark takes place, followed by the 
speedy death of the part affected. Most frequently these effects 
are the result of fire-blight, a mysterious disease, probably of a 
fungoid character, but occasionally they are due to the agency 
of the pear-blight beetle. In these latter instances there will 
be found, on examination, small perforations like pin-holes at 
the base of some of the buds, and from these issue small cylin- 
drical beetles, shown magnified in Fig. 150, about one-tenth 
of an inch long, of a deep brown or black color, with 
antenuffi and legs of a rusty red. The thorax is Fig. 150. 
.short, very convex, rounded and roughened ; the 
wing-covers are thickly but minutely punctated, the 
dots being arranged in rows; the hinder part of the 
body terminates in an abru])t and sudden slope. 

The beetle deposits its eggs at the base of the bud, 
and when hatched the young larva follows the course 
of the eye of the bud towards the pith, around which it pas.ses, 
consuming the tissues in its course, thus interfering with the 
circulation and causing the twig to wither. The larva changes 
to a pupa, and subsequently to a beetle, in the bottom of its 
burrow, and makes its escape from the tree in the latter part 
of June or the beginning of July, depositing its eggs before 




144 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 

August has passed. The hole made by the beetle when it is 
escaping is a little more than one-twentieth of an inch in 
diameter. 

It was formerly supposed that these insects infested only 
such trees as were unhealthy or were already dying, but it has 
been shown that sound and healthy trees are attacked and 
severely injured by them. Neither are they limited in their 
operations to the twigs, but sometimes attack the trunk also. 
It is said that there are two broods each year, the early one 
nurtured in the trunk, and when these reach maturity, the 
newly-grown twigs, offering a more dainty repast, are accord- 
ingly attacked and destroyed. 

The injuries inflicted by this insect are not confined wholly 
to the pear; occasionally it is found on the apple, apricot, 
and plum. The only remedy which has been suggested is to 
cut off the blighted limbs below the injured part and burn 
them before the beetle has escaped. 

The damage caused by this insect must not be confounded 
with the well-known fire-blight on the pear, since that, as 
already remarked, is a disease probably of a fungoid character, 
and is entirely independent of insect agency. 

No. 69. — The Pear-tree Bark-louse. 

Lecaninm pyri (Schrank). 

This insect is found on the under side of the limbs of young 
and thrifty pear-trees, adhering closely to the bark. It ap- 
pears in the form of a hemispherical scale about one-fifth of 
an inch in diameter, of a chestnut-brown color, sometimes 
marked with faint blackish streaks, and having on its surface 
some shallow indentations. The outer margin is wrinkled. 
These scales, when mature, are the dead bodies of the females 
covering and protecting their young ; some are darker in color 
than others, and there are some smaller ones which are of a 
dull-yellow hue. 

Under the scales the young lice are interspersed through a 
mass of white cotton-like matter, which subsequently increases 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 145 

in volume and protrudes from under the scale. Early in the 
season they crawl out and distribute themselves over the 
smooth bark, appearing as minute whitish specks. When 
magnified, they are found to be of an oval form, somewhat 
flattened, about one-hundredth of an inch long, of a dull- 
white color, witii six legs and short antennae. The young 
larvse soon attach themselves to the bark, which they punc- 
ture with their beaks, living on the sap, and during the season 
materially increase in size. They pass the winter in a torpid 
state, and in the spring the males enter the puj)al condition, 
and subsequently apj)ear as minute two-winged flies, while tiie 
females gradually grow to the size and form of the scales 
already referred to, after which, dying, their dried bodies 
remain to serve as a shelter for their offspring. This is 
believed to be the same insect as occurs upon the pear-tree 
in Euro])e, and is said to be peculiar to the {)ear. 

Remedies. — Fortunately, these insects are of such a size that 
they are easily seen. They should be looked for during the 
latter part of June, at which time the females will have 
attained their full size, and, when discovered, should be 
promptly removed. The under side of the limbs should 
also be well scrubbed with a brush dipped in some alkaline 
solution. 

A small, four-winged parasite lives in the bodies of the 
females, feeds upon their substance and destroys them, and 
forms a chrysalis under the scale. When this fly matures, it 
gnaws a round hole through the scale and escapes. 

No. 70.— The Pear-tree Psylla. 

Psylla pijri Schinidb. 

During the middle of May, when growth is rapid, the smaller 
limbs and twigs of {)ear-trees are sometimes observed to droop ; 
a close examination reveals a copious exudation of sap from 
about the axils of the leaves, so abundant that it drops upon 
the foliage below, and sometimes runs down the branches to 
the ground. Flies and ants gather around in crowds to sip 

10 



146 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 



Fig. 151. 




the sweets, and by their busy bustle draw attention to the 
mischief progressing. With a magnifying lens the authors 
of the injury may be observed immersed in the sap about the 
axils of the leaves. 

This insect is known as the Pear-tree Psylla, a small, yellow, 
jumping creature, flattened in form, and provided with short 
legs, a broad head, and sharp beak. With the beak are made 
the punctures from which the sap exudes. In rare instances 

they occur in immense 
numbers, when almost 
every leaf on a tree will 
seem to be affected; all 
growth is at once arrested, 
and frequently the tree loses 
a considerable portion of 
its leaves. When in the 
pupa state with the wings 
developing, they present the appearance shown in Fig. 151 ; 
a represents the under side, h the upper side ; the perfect 
winged insect is shown in Fig. 152, all highly magnified. 

The color of the pupa is 
deep orange-red, the thorax 
striped with black, and the 
abdomen blackish brown. 
Towards the end of the 
summer they attain matu- 
rity, when they are fur- 
nished with transparent 
wings ; the head is deeply 
notched in front; color orange-yellow, with the abdomen 
greenish. Length one-tenth of an inch. 

Remedies. — Paint the twigs with a strong solution of soft- 
soap, as recommended for No. 2, or syringe the trees with 
strong soapsuds. 





ATTACKING THE BUDS. 147 

ATTACKING THE BUDS. 

No. 71.— The Tarnished Plant-bug. 

Lygus lineolaris (P. Beauv. ). 

This insect, which is represented magnified in Fig. 153, is 
about one-fifth of an inch long, and varies in color from 

dull dark brown to a 2:reenish or dirty 

n • I 1 1 II- ^la- 153. 

yeJlowish brown, the males bemg gener- 
ally darker than the females. The head 
is yellowish, with three narrow, reddish 
stripes ; the beak or sucker is about one- 
third the length of the body, and when 
not in use is folded upon the breast. The 
thorax has a yellow margin and several 
yellowish lines running lengthwise ; behind 
the thorax is a yellow V-like mark, some- 
times more or less indistinct. The wings are dusky brown, 
and the legs dull yellow. 

It passes the winter in the perfect state, taking shelter 
among rubbish, or in other convenient hiding-places, and 
early in May, as soon as vegetation starts, it begins its dep- 
redations. Concealing itself within the young leav&s of the 
expanding buds of the pear, it punctures them about their 
base and along their edges, extracting their juices with its 
beak. The puncture of the insect seems to have a poisonous 
effect, and the result is to disfigure and sometimes entirely 
destroy the young leaves, causing them to blacken and wither. 
These insects are also partial to the unopened buds, piercing 
them from the outside, and sucking them nearly dry, when 
they also become withered and blackened. Sometimes a 
whole branch will be thus affected, being first stunted, then 
withering, and finally dying. Early in the morning these 
plant-bugs are in a sluggish condition, and may be found 
buried in the expanding leaves, but as the day advances 
and the temperature rises they become active, and when ap- 



148 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 

preached dodge quickly about from place to place, drop to 
the ground, or else take wing and fly away. In common 
with most true bugs, they have when handled a disagreeable 
odor. In the course of two or three weeks they disappeai", 
or cease to be sufficiently injurious to attract attention. 

It is stated that they deposit their eggs on the leaves, and 
that later in the season the young and old bugs may be found 
together. The young bugs are green, but in other respects 
do not differ from their parents, except in lacking wings. 
While they seem particularly partial to the pear, they attack 
also the young leaves of the quince, apple, plum, and cherry, 
as well as those of many herbaceous plants. 

Remedies. — First of all, clean culture, so as to leave no 
shelter for the bug in which to winter over. When they 
appear in spring, shake them from the trees very early in the 
morning, while they are in a torpid state, and destroy them. 

No. 72.— The Oak Platycerus. 

Plaiycerus querais (Weber). 

This is an insect belonging to the family of stag beetles, 

which has occasionally been found injurious to pear-trees in 

Illinois by devouring the buds. In the larval state it feeds 

on decaying wood in old oak logs and stumps. It matures 

and appears as a beetle about the time that the buds 

' '^ ■ of the pear are bursting, and continues feeding for 

many days, completely eating out the swelling buds 

and the ends of the new shoots. 

It is a blackish beetle, of a greenish cast, with 

ribbed wing-covers, and nearly half an inch in 

length. It is represented in Fig. 154. As this has hitherto 

been comparatively a rare beetle, it is scarcely likely ever to 

[)rove generally troublesome to pear-growers. 



ATTACKING THE FLOWERS. I49 

ATTACKING THE PLOWEKS. 

No. 73. — The Pear-tree Blister-beetle. 

rumphupoM aenea (Say). 

Tliis is a greenish-blue or brassy-looking beetle, rather 
more than half an inch long (see Fig. 155), with head and 
thorax punctated and somewhat hairy, the wing- 
cases roughened and with two slightly-elevated Fio. 155. 
lines. 

These beetles have been found injurious to pear- 
blos.soms both in Michigan and in Pennsylvania. 
They begin their work by devouring the corolla, 
then the pistil and calyx, and a portion of the 
formino; fruit, but are said to avoid the stamens. 
They will occasionally eat small portions of the tender foliage, 
and are usually most abundant on the tops of the trees and 
about the extremities of the limbs. They also attack the 
l)lossoms of the cherry, plum, and quince, but have not been 
observed on the apple or peach. 

This pest is easily controlled. On jarring the trees they 
drop at once to the ground, ajid if taken in the cool of the 
morning are very sluggish in their movements. Later in 
the day, in the heat of the sun, they become much more 
active, and fly readily. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 74. — The Pear-tree Leaf-miner. 

Lithocolletis yeminatella Packard. 

The larva of this insect mines the leaves of the pear, and 
also those of the ap[)le. It is very small, of a pale-reddish 
color, with a black head anil a black patch on the upper part 
of the next segment. In Fig. 156 it is shown magnified. It 



150 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 



usually draws two leaves together and fastens them with 
silken fibres, or else folds one up and eats the surface, making- 
unsightly blotches, which 
Fig. 156. FiG- 157. disfigure and injure the 

r<1\WI^T^rT^?77x ^<r:crn~PFC^17l>) leaves. About the mid- 
^==^^ die of August, the larva 

changes to a long, slender chrysalis within this mine (Fig. 
157, also magnified). The moths appear a few days after- 
wards. 

When its wings are expanded, the moth (Fig. ]58, en- 
larged) measures about one-third of an inch across. The 
fore wings are dark gray, with a round 
blackish spot on the middle of the inner 
edge of the wing, which is not shown 
in the figure, also an eye-like spot on 
the outer edge, with a black pupil. 

As the season advances, these insects 
sometimes become very abundant, and 
towards the end of autumn a large j)ro- 
portion of the leaves of the pear and apple trees become 
blotched and disfigured from their work. Since they pass the 
winter in ti^e larval or chrysalis condition in their leafy en- 
closures, their numbers may be materially reduced by gathering 
all the fallen leaves in the autumn and burning them. 



Fig. 158. 




No. 75. — The Pear-tree Slug. 

Selandria cerasi Peck. 

In the year 1790, Prof. Peck, of Massachusetts, wrote a 
pamphlet entitled '^ Natural History of the Slug- worm," 
which was printed in Boston the same year by order of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural Society and was awarded the So- 
ciety's premium of fifty dollars and a gold medal. Although 
more than ninety years have passed since that- pamphlet 
was written, not much has been added in the interval to our 
knowledge of the history and habits of this insect. In the 
mean time, however, it lias spread over the greater portion of 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. ]5l 

the United States and Canada, injuring more or less seriously 
the foliage of our })ear, cherry, quince, and plum trees every 
year. 

This insect passes tiie winter in the chrysalis state under 
ground ; the flies, the progenitors of the mischievous brood 
of slugs, appearing on the wing in the Northern States and 
Canada from about the third week in May until the middle 
of June, The fly (Fig. 159) is of a glossy black color, 
w.th four transparent wings, the front pair 
being crossed by a dusky cloud ; the veins ^ig- 159. 
are brownish, and the legs dull yellow, with 
black thighs, except the hind pair, which are 
black at both extremities, and dull yellow in 
the middle. The female fly is more than 
one-fifth of an inch long; the male is somewhat smaller. 
When the trees on which these flies are at work are jarred 
or shaken, or if the flies are otherwise disturbed, they fall to 
the ground, where, folding their antennae under their bodies 
and bending the head forward and under, they remain for a 
time motionless. 

The saw-flies have been so called from the fact that in most 
of the species the females are provided with a saw-like ap- 
pendage at the end of the body, by which slits are cut in the 
leaves of the trees, shrubs, or plants on which the larvae feed, 
in which slits the eggs are deposited. The female of this 
species begins to deposit her eggs early in June; they are 
placed singly within little semicircular incisions through the 
skin of the leaf, sometimes on the under side and sometimes 
on the upper. In about a fortnight these eggs hatch. 

The newly-hatched slug is at first white, but soon a slimy 
matter oozes out of the skin and covers the upper part of the 
body with an olive-colored sticky coating. After changing 
its skin four times, it attains the length of half an inch or more 
(see Fig, 160, a), and is then nearly full grown. It is a dis- 
gusting-looking creature, a slimy, blackish, or olive-brown 
slug, with the anterior part of its body so swollen as to re- 



152 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 



Fig. 1«0. 




serable somewhat a tadpole in form, and having a disagreeable 
and sickening odor. The head is small, of a reddish color, and 
is almost entirely concealed under the front segments. It is 
of a dull-yellowish color beneath, with twenty 
very short legs, one pair under each segment 
except the fourth and the last. After the last 
moult it loses its slimy appearance and dark 
color, and appears in a clean yellow skin en 
tirely free from slime ; its form is also ciiangod, 
being proportionately longer. In a few hours 
after this change it leaves the tree and crawls 
or falls to the ground, where it buries itself to 
a depth of from one to three or four inches. 
By repeated movements of the body the earth 
is pressed firmly on all sides, and an oblong- 
oval chamber is formed, which is afterwards 
lined with a sticky, glossy substance, which 
makes it retain its shape. Within this little 
earthen cell the insect changes to a chrysalis, and in about a 
fortnight finishes its transformations, breaks open the en- 
closure, crawls to the surface of the ground, and appears in 
the winged form. 

About the third week in July the flies are actively engaged 
in depositing eggs for a second brood, the young slugs appear- 
ing early in August. They reach maturity in about four 
weeks, then retire under ground, change to ciu'ysalids, and 
remain in that condition until the following spring. 

Pear and cherry growers should be on the lookout for this 
destructive pest about the middle of June, and again early in 
August, and if the young larvpe are then abundant they should 
be promptly attendeil to, since if neglected they soon play sad 
havoc with the foliage, feeding upon the upper side of the 
leaves and consuming; the tissues, leaviuii; onlv the veins and 
under skin. The foliage, deprived of its substance, withers 
and becomes dark-colored, as if scorched by fire, and soon after- 
wards it drops from the trees. In a bad ly-infested pear orchard. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. I53 

whole rows of trees may sometimes be seen as bare of foliage 
during the early days of July as they are in midwinter. In 
such instances the trees are obliged to throw out new leaves; 
and this extra effort so exhausts their vigor as to interfere 
seriously with their fruit- producing power the following 
year. Although very abundant in a given locality one 
season, these slugs may be very scarce the next, as they aie 
linble to be destroyed in the interval by enemies and by 
unfavorable climatic influences. 

Remedies. — Hellebore in powder, mixed with water in the 
proportion of an ounce to two gallons, and applied to the 
foliage with a syringe or a watering-pot, promptly destroys 
this slug; and Paris-green, applied in the same manner, in 
the proportion of a teaspoonful to the same quantity of water, 
would doubtless serve a similar purpose. Fresh air-slaked 
lime dusted on the foliage is said to l)e an efficient remedy. 
It has been recommended to dust the foliage with sand, ashes, 
and road dust, but these are unsatisfactory measures, and of 
little value. A very minute Ichneumon fly is said to lay 
its eggs within the eggs of this saw-fly, and from its tiny egg 
a little maggot is hatched, which lives within the egg of the 
saw-fly and consumes it. 

No. 76. — The Green Pear-tree Slug. 

Another species of saw-fly, as yet undetermined, also attacks 
the leaves of the pear. The larvae appear from about the 
first to the middle of June, and eat holes in the leaves or semi- 
circular portions from the edge. They are about half an inch 
in length, nearly cylindrical in form, tapering slightly towards 
the hinder segments. The head is rather small, pale green 
with a yellowish tinge, and has a dark-brown dot on each side ; 
the jaws are tipped with brown. The body above is semi- 
transparent, of a grass-green color faintly tinged with yellow, 
the yellow most apparent on the posterior segments; there is 
a line down the back of a slightly deeper shade of green, and 
one along each side, close to the under surface, of a })aler hue. 



154 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 

The under side is similar to the upper; feet wliitish green, 
semi-transparent. 

About the middle of June this larva seeks some suitable 
hiding-place, such as a crevice in the barU of the tree, or 
other shelter, and there makes and fastens firmly a small, 
brownish, papery-looking cocoon, in which it undergoes its 
ti'uustbrmations and remains until the following spring, when 
I he })erfect fly appears. 

The fly bears a general resemblance to that of the pear-tree 
slug, but is smaller. 

The remedies applicable to the pear-tree slug would serve 
equally well in this instance; but these insects are seldom 
found in sufficient abundance to require a remedy. 

No. 77.— The Goldsmith-beetle. 

Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.). 

This is, without doubt, one of the most beautiful of all our 
leaf-eating beetles. It is nearly an inch in length (see Fig. 
161), of a broad, oval form, with the wing-cases of a rich 
yellow color and pale metallic lustre, while the 
top of the head and the thorax gleam with 
burnished gold of a brilliant reddish cast. The 
under surface has a polished coppery hue, and 
is thickly covered with whitish, woolly hairs : 
this latter characteristic has suggested its spe- 
cific name, lanigera, or wool-bearer. 

This insect appears late in May and during 
the month of June, and is distributed over a 
very wide area, being found in most of the Northern United 
States and in Canada ; and, although seldom very abundant, 
rarely does a season pass without some of them being seen. 
During the day they are inactive, and may be found (dinging 
to the under side of the leaves of trees, often drawing together 
two or three leaves and holding them with their sharp claws 
for the purpose of concealing themselves. At dusk they issue 
from their hiding-places and fly about with a buzzing sound 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 155 

among the branches of trees, the tender leaves of wliich they 
devour. The pear, oak, poplar, hickory, silver abele, and 
sweet-gum all suffer more or less from their attacks. Like 
the common May-bu-g, this beautiful creature is attracted by 
light, and often flies into lighted rooms on summer even- 
itigs, dashing against everything it meets with, to the great 
alarm of nervous inmates. In some seasons they are com- 
paratively common, and may then be readily captured by 
shaking the trees on which they are lodged, in the daytime, 
when they do not attempt to fly, but fall at once to the 
ground. 

The beetle is short-lived. The female deposits her eggs 
in the ground at varying depths during the latter part of 
June, and, having thus provided for the continuance of her 
species, dies. The lives of the males are of still shorter 
duration. The eggs are laid during the night, the whole 
number probably not exceeding twenty ; they are very large 
for the size of the beetle, being nearly one-tenth of an inch 
in length, of a long, ovoid form, and a white, translucent 
appearance. 

In about three weeks the young larva is hatched ; it is of a 
dull-white color, with a polished, horny head of a yellowish 
brown, feet of the same hue, and the extremity 
of the abdomen lead-color. The mature larva ^' '": ^^^• 
(Fig. 162) is a thick, whitish, fleshy grub, very 
similar in appearance to that of the May-bug, 
which is familiarly known as " the white grub." 
It lives in the ground and feeds on the roots 
of plants, and is thus sometimes very destruc- 
tive to strawberry-plants. It is said that the 
grub is three years in reaching its full growth ; finally, it 
matures in the autumn, and late the same season or early in 
the following spring changes to a beetle. 




156 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 

No. 78. — The Iridescent Serica. 

Serica iricolor Say. 

This beetle is said to have proved very injurious to pear- 
trees in New Jersey by devouring the leaves. It is of an 
oval form, about one-fifth of an inch long, of a dull bluish- 
black color, and clothed with long, fine, silky hairs, especially 
on the thorax ; it is represented in Fig. 163. 
Fig. 163. ^{^jg jnsect has the same habit of dropping to the 
ground when the trees are jarred or shaken as the 
goldsmith-beetle (No. 77), and if it proves at any 
time troublesome it may be collected in this way and 
destroyed. It is not known how or where the larva of this 
species lives, but it probably dwells under ground and feeds 
on the roots of })lants. 

No. 79. — The Pear-tree Aphis. 

An undetermined species of aphis sometimes attacks the 
leaves of the pear-tree early in June, causing them to twist 
and curl up very much. In the pupa state these insects are 
active, with the wings partly developed. They are then 
green, with a row of brownish dots along the back, which 
are smaller on the anterior segments and larger on the middle 
ones ; there are also some streaks of the same color along 
each side. The wings are enclosed in ca.ses on the sides 
about half the length of the body ; body plump ; honey-tubes 
pale whitish, tipped with black; feet pale whitish. All the 
specimens seen at this time have partly or fully developed 
wings. 

In the perfect winged specimens the head is black ; thorax 
black above, greenish below ; body brownish black above, 
green on the sides and beneath, with a few blackish dots; 
antennae brownish black. When the insect escapes from the 
pupa state, the empty pupa skin is left attached to the under 
surface of the curled leaves. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. I57 

The remedies recomnieiuled for the apple-tree aphis (No. 
57) will be serviceable for this insect also. 

No. 80. — Grasshoppers, or Locusts. 
In addition to the insects already treated of, several species 
of grasshoppers, or, more correctly, locusts, attack the leaves 
of the pear, and, when abundant, will often entirely strip 
young trees of their foliage. In Fig. 164 we have a repre- 
sentation of the red-legged locust, Caloptenus femur-rubrum 
(De Geer), one of our commonest species, which is abundant 
everywhere, from Maine to Minnesota, throughout the greater 
portion of Canada, and from Pennsylvania to Kansas. In 
Fig. 165 is shown the noted Rocky Mountain locust, Calop- 

PiG. 164. Fig. 165. 




tenus spreius Thomas, which has proved so terribly destructive 
in the West and Northwest. Although much resembling the 
red-legged locust in size and general appearance, the wings 
are longer, and there are other points of difference which 
enable the entomologist readily to separate the species. These, 
however, need not be enumerated here. In Fig. 166 the 
females of the Rocky Mountain locust are depicted at a, a, a, 
in the act of depositing their eggs. These eggs are laid in 
the ground in ma.sses, in which the eggs are carefully arranged, 
and the whole coated with a gummy covering. In the lower 
part of the figure one of the egg-masses is shown with one 
end open, others in position at d and e, and the eggs separated 
at c; /shows where an egg-mass has been deposited and the 
aperture closed. 

In Fig. 167 another common species is represented, — at a 
in the immature or larval state, at b in the mature or perfect 
condition. This insect is known under the name of the irreen- 



158 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 



faced locust, Tragocephala vir-idifasciata (De Geer). There 
are many other species which might be referred to, but 



Fig. 166. 




these will suffice to illustrate the family, all the members of 
which are destructive, especially during the latter part of the 
summer. 

When young trees are deprived of their leaves in the midst 
of their growth, they fail to ripen their wood properly, and 
their vitality is weakened .so that they are more liable to 

Fig. 167. 




injury from winter, and also more prone to disease. Grass- 
hoppers do not confine their attacks to the pear, but devour 
also the leaves of young apple, plum, and other trees. 

To destroy these pests, the trees, when not fruiting, may 
be syringed with Paris-green and water in the proportion of 
two teaspoonfuls of the poison to two gallons of water. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 159 

ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 

No. 81. — The Indian Cetonia. 

Euphoria Inda (Linn.). 

This is one of the earliest insect visitors in spring, appear- 
ing towards the end of April or in the beginning of May, 
when it flies about in dry fields on the borders of woods on 
sunny days, making a loud buzzing sound like a bee. It is 
little more than half an inch in length (see Fig. 168), and 
has a broad body, obtuse behind. The head and 
thorax are of a blackish copper-brown, thickly 
covered Avith short, greenish-yellow hairs. The 
wing-cases are light yellowish brown, with a num- 
ber of irregular black spots. The under side of the 
body is black and very hairy; the legs are dull 
red. A variety of this species is occasionally met 
with entirely black. 

The early brood are fond of sucking the sweet sap which 
exudes from wounded trees or freshly-cut stumps ; in Septem- 
ber a second brood appear, and these injure fruits, burrowing 
into ripe pears almost to their middle, revelling on their 
sweets, and inducing ra])id decay. They also attack peaches 
and grapes. 

Nothing has yet been recorded in reference to the larval 
history of this species. It is probable that the late brood of 
beetles hibernate, passing the wir)ter in a torpid state, hidden 
in sheltered places, and awakening with the return of spring, 
when they issue from their retreats, after which, having 
deposited eggs for another brood, they die. 

The only remedy suggested for these insects is to catch and 
destroy them. They are seldom very abundant. 




160 JNSECl'S INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR 

No. 82. — The Melancholy Cetonia. 

Euphoria melancholica (Gory). 

This insect belongs to the same genus as the Indian Cetonia 
(Xo. 81), and is very similar to it in appearance and habits, 
but is somewhat smaller. (See Fig. 169.) 

This beetle has also been found eating into ripe 
pears, and occasionally apples. It is found in the 
South in cotton-bolls, in the holes left by the boll- 
worm. It appears to frequent the bolls for the 
purpose of consuming the exuding sap. 




SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AEFEOT THE PEAE. 

ATTACKING THE ROOT. 

The broad-necked Prionus, No. 122, is occasionally very 
destructive to the roots of the pear. 

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 

The round-headed apple-tree-borer, No. 2, and the flat- 
headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, both injure the pear, and are 
often found under the bark, especially about the base of the 
trunk. 

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

The apple-twig borer. No. 1-3 ; the oyster-shell bark-louse, 
No. 16; the scurfy bark-louse. No. 17 ; and the New York 
weevil. No. 100, all affect the branches of the pear-tree. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

Many of the insects which devour the leaves of other 
fruit-trees feed also on those of the pear, such as the white- 
marked tussock-moth, No. 22 ; the red-humped apple-tree 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. \Q\ 

caterpillar, No. 24; the fall web-worm, No. 27; the Cecropia 
einperor-inoth, No. 28 ; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 
35 ; the eye-spotted bud-moth, No. 38 ; grasshoppers, or 
locusts, No. 80 ; the blue-spangled peach-tree caterpillar, 
No. 102 ; and the basket-worm, or bag-worm. No. 120. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The codling moth. No. 58, so destructive to the fruit of the 
apple, is almost equally injurious to that of the pear. The 
plum curculio. No. 94, and the quince curculio, No. 121, also 
affect this fruit. 



11 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

ATTACEOa THE LEAVES. 

No. 83. — The Plum-tree Sphinx. 

Sjyhiiix drupiferarum (Sm. & Abb.). 

The moths belonging to the family known as Sphinx moths 
are peculiar in their form and habits. Their bodies are robust, 
and their wings are usually long and narrow and possess great 
strength and capacity for rapid flight. On the wing they 
much resemble humming-birds, and hence are frequently called 

Fig. 170. 




humming-bird moths. Most of the species remain torpid 
during the day, but become active about dusk, when they 
may be seen poising in the air over some flower, with their 
wings rapidly vibrating, and producing a humming sound. 

The plum sphinx is a handsome insect, and is well repre- 
sented in Fig. 170. It appears as a moth during the month 
of June; its body is about an inch and a half long, and its 
162 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. \Q-^ 

wiDgs expand from three and a half to four inches. The 
wings are of a purplish-brown color, the anterior pair having 
a stripe of white on their front edge, and one of a fawn color 
on their outer edge ; there are also three or four oblique black 
streaks, and a black dot on the white stripe. The hind wings 
have two whitish, wavy stripes, with a fawn-colored stripe 
also on their outer edge. The head and thorax are blackish 
brown, with a whitish-fawn color at the sides ; the eyes are 
very prominent, and the snout-like projection in front consists 
of the two palpi or feelers, within which lies the proboscis or 
tongue, snugly coiled up between them like the mainspring 
of a watch ; in the figure this proboscis is shown partly ex- 
tended. When stretched to its full length, it is as long as the 
body, and is used by the insect in extracting honey from 
flowers. The body is brown, with a central line and a band 
on either side of black, the latter containing four or five dingy- 
white spots. 

The moth deposits her eggs singly on the leaves of the 
plum. The egg is about one-fifteenth of an inch long, slightly 
oval, with a smooth surface, and of a pale yellowish-green 
color. It hatches in from six to eight days, when the young 
larva eats its way out through the side of the egg; its first 
meal is usually made from the egg-shell, which it partly or 
wholly devours. 

The newly-hatched larva is one-fourth of an inch long, of a 
pale yellowish-green color, with a few slightly-elevated whitish 
tubercles on every segment, from each of which arises a single 
fine short hair; the caudal horn is black. The full-grown 
caterpillar is about three and a half inches long (see Fig. 171), 
of a beautiful apple-green color, with a lateral dark-brown or 
blackish stripe. On each side of the body there are seven 
broad oblique white bands, bordered in front with light 
purple or mauve; the stigmata or breathing-pores, which are 
ranged along each side of the body, are of a bright orange- 
yellow. The caudal horn is long, dark brown, with a yel- 
lowish tint about the base at the sides. After satisfying its 



]64 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

rapacious appetite, this larva often assumes for a time the 
peculiar rigid appearance shown in the cut. Though pre- 
senting a formidable aspect, it is perfectly harmless, and may 

Fig. 171. 




be handled with impunity; it may be found on the trees from 
the middle of July to the end of August. 

When mature, the caterpillar descends to the ground, and, 
having buried itself under the surface to the depth of several 
inches, prepares a convenient chamber, which it lines with a 
gummy, water-proof cement, and there changes to a chrysalis, 
as shown in Fig. 172, which is about an inch and a half long, 

of a dark reddish-brown 
color, with a short, thick, 
projecting tongue-case. The 
insect remains in the ground 
in this condition until the 
following June ; indeed, oc- 
casionally specimens have been known to remain in this torpid 
state until the spring of the second year following. 

The ravages of the plum-tree sphinx are never very ex- 
tensive, yet it appears at times in some localities in sufficient 
numbers to cause annoyance. The denuded twigs promptly 
attract the attention of the vigilant fruit-grower, who will 
soon search out and exterminate the destroyer. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 165 

No. 84. — The Gray Dag-ger-moth. 

Apafela occAdentalis (G. & R.). 

This is a pretty, pale, silvery-gray moth, the first brood of 
which appear on the wing late in May or early in June. It 
is siiown in Fig. 173. The fore wings are pale gray, with 
various black lines or markings, 
the principal one being in the -tio. io.^ 

form of an irregular cross, bearing Pf^*""^- ^ >■ ,- C ^^S. 
a resemblance to the Greek letter x -^ -*s -■ -^ '■— f^ 
'/'' placed sideways; this is situ- t; 
ated about the middle of the fore ^^-,' ' ,%f\ ' ■al'*' 

Aving, towards the outer edge. A 

second smaller mark of the same character is found between 
this and the tip of the wing; a black line proceeds from the 
base of the wing and extends to near the middle. The hind 
wings are dark glossy gray ; the edges of both pairs have a 
whitish fringe, with an inner border of black spots; the body 
is gray. The wings, when expanded, measure from an inch 
and a half to two inches across. 

The moths deposit their eggs singly on the leaves of plum, 
cherry, and apple trees, and the caterpillar becomes full 
grown during the first or second week in July. It is then 
about an inch and a half long. Its head is rather large, 
flat in front, black, with yellowish dots at the sides. The 
body is bluish gray above, with a wide slate-colored band 
down the back, in which is a central pale-orange line from 
the second to the fifth segment. From the fifth to the 
eleventh, inclusive, each segment is ornamented with a beau- 
tiful group of spots, placed in the dorsal band, two of them 
bright orange, one in front and one behind, and one of a 
greenish metallic hue on each side, each group being set in a 
nearly circular patch of velvety black. There are two cream- 
colored stripes on the sides, which become indistinct towards 
each extremity, and into which there extends from each of the; 
black dorsal patches a short, black, curved line, having behind 



l(i(i Av.^^crs ixjuRiors to the plum. 

it? base a yellowish dot : the sides aio marked with dull oohrev 
spots, and on the top of the twelfth segment there is a promi- 
nent blaok hump. The body is sparingly eovei^eil witl\ whitish 
hairs, which aiv distributed chiefly along the sides. Tiie under 
surtaiv is of a dull-greenish c\>lor ; the feet are black. 

AVhen full gix^wn, this larva spins a slight cocoon in some 
sheltei>xl spot, and thei"e changes to a chrys;ilis, about seven- 
tenths of an inch long, of a iwldish-bixnvn color, witii a pol- 
islu\l surface. Fivm these the second brocnl of moths appear 
late ill July, and shortly at"ter eggs are ag-ain depositevl, fivm 
which the later brovxl of larv;^ mature about the middle of 
September, which then bcivme chrvsalids, and produiv moths 
the following spring. 

This insect seldom occurs in sufficient numbers to prove 
very destructive : should it ever do so. it may be ivadily 
desti\\ved by syringing the ti-ees with powdereil hellelxire or 
Paris-green mixeii with water, as I'ecommended for the pear- 
ti'ee slug (Xo. 75). The larvse are often «\ptured under the 
biuids set as trajv? for the larvje of the codling moth. 

No. 85.— The Mottled Plum-tree Moth. 

The i^aterpillar of this moth also feeds on the leaves of the 
plum, and, like that last descril^. is solitary in its hal^its. It 
apj>ears alxnit the middle of June. It is a given caterpillar, 
alxHit an inch long, with its body seeming as if laterally com- 
pivsseil, making it apj>ear higher than it is wide. There is a 
broad chestnut-colored stri[>e along the back, 
mai\riue<.l with yellowish, and on every s^- 
ment there are several shining tubercles, each 
giving rise to one or more blackish hairs; 
there are also a few whitish hairs along the 
sides of the body. Fig. 1 74 ivpresenrs a }v\rrlv-giv\vn sjxxnmen 
of this or a very closely allied species. 

Alx^ut the middle of July the moth v^" ig. 175^ escajies 
fivm the cvxxx^n. The thorax and alxlomen are gray, dotted 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



167 



with black points; fore wings gmy, with bhick or brownish- 
black markings; hind wings brownish gray. When ex- 
panded, the wings nieasnre 
• about an inch and a half ^'^°- ^^'''• 

across. 

This species is double- 
brooded. The moths that 
appear in July deposit eggs 
from which hatch larva) which 
reach maturity in September, 
enter the chrysalis state, and remain in this condition until 
the following spring. An Ichneumon fly attacks this species 
and destroys many of them. They are seldom numerous, 
and never likely to prove very troublesome. 




FiQ. 17G. 



No. 86. — The Horned Span-worm. 

Nematocavipa Jilamentaria Guen. 

This singular-looking caterpillar is frequently found on 
plum-trees, devouring the leaves; it is also found on maple, 
oak, and probably other trees, and on strawberry-vines. It 
is about seven-tenths of an inch long (see Fig. 176), of a 
grayish color, with dusky and blackish 
streaks. On the hinder part of the fifth 
segment are two long, curved, fleshy horns 
extending forward, and on the sixth segment 
there is a similar j)air curving backwards. 
The head is sj)otted with brown. There are 
two short brown tubercles on the posterior 
part of the fourth segment, and two small 
gray warts on each of the segments behind, those on the 
eleventh being most prominent. It may be found during tiie 
first half of June, and sometimes later. During the latter 
part of the month it constructs a slight cocoon composed 
of pieces of leaves fastened together with silken threads, and 
within this enclosure changes to a reddish-gray or pale-brown 




168 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 



Fig. 177. 



chrysalis, in which state it continues about ten days, when the 
perfect insect escapes. 

This is a small moth (Fig. 177), which measures, when its 
wings are spread, from three-quarters of an inch to an inch 
across. It is of a pale oelireous color, with 
reddish-brown lines and dots, a ring on the 
discal space, and just beyond it a dark, lead- 
colored band, which becomes an almost square 
patch on the inner angle and is continuous 
with a broad band of the same color on the 
The moths are on the wing in July and early 
This is never likely to become a very in- 
jurious insect, but, from its unique appearance, it will always 
attract attention. 




hind wings, 
in August. 



No. 87.— The Disippus Butterfly. 

Limenitis disipims Godt. 

This is one of our common butterflies, the larva of which 
is occasionally found feeding on the leaves of plum-trees. 



Fig. 178. 




The wings of the butterfly are of a warm orange-red color, 
with heavy black veins, and a black border with white spots. 
In Fig. 178 the left wings represent the upper surface, while 
those of the right, which are slightly detached from the body, 
show the under side. It appears on the wing during the 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



169 



latter half of June and in July, and deposits its eggs, some- 
times on the plum, but more frequently on the willow and 
poplar. 

The egg is less than one-twenty-fifth of an inch in length, 
globular in form, and beautifully reticulated, as shown in Fig. 

Fig. 179. 




179, where a represents the egg highly magnified. It is cov- 
ered with short, transparent, hair-like spines. One of the 
hexagonal indentations, with its projecting filaments, is shown, 
much enlarged, at d. At first it is pale yellow, but as the 



Fig. 180. 




hu'va within develops it becomes pale gray; the egg is gen- 
erally laid on the under side of a leaf, near the tip, as seen 
at c in the figure. In a few days it hatches, and in about a 
month the larva attains its full growth, when it presents the 
appearance shown in Fig. 180, at a. 

It is about an inch and a half in length; the head is pale 



170 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 



green, with two dull-white lines clown the front, roughened 
with a number of small green and greenish-white tubercles, 
and tipped with two of a green color. The body above is 
a rich daric green, with patches and streaks of creamy white ; 
the second segment is smaller than the head, and its surface 
covered with many M-hitish tubercles ; the third, dull whitish 
green, raised considerably above the second, with a flat ridge, 
having a long, brownish horn on each side, which is thickly 
covered with very short spines. The fourth segment is similar 
in size to the third, with the same sort of ridge above, and a 
small tubercle on each side, tipped with a clu'^ter of short, 
whitish spines. On each segment behind these there are two 
tubercles emitting clusters of whitish spines, those on the sixth 
and twelfth being much larger than the others, while on each 
segment behind the fourth, except the ninth, there are sev- 
eral smaller tubercles of a blue color. There are two large 
patches of white on the upper part of the body, and a band 
of the same color along each side. 

When about to change to a chrysalis, the caterpillar suspends 
itself, head downwards, and, shedding its skin, appears as at 6, 
Fig. 180, and in about ten or twelve days the butterfly escapes. 
There are two broods of this insect during the year. The 
larvae from the eggs deposited by the second brood of butter- 
flies hibernate when less than half grown, and complete their 
growth the following spring. They construct from part of 

the leaf a curious little case, 
shown at c, in Fig. 180, which, 
being firmly fastened to the 
branch by silken threads. 



Fig. 181. 




serves during the winter 



months as a shelter and a 
hiding-place. There are sev- 
eral parasites which reduce 
the numbers of this insect; 
one is a tiny, four-winged fly, which infests the eggs {Tri- 
chogramma minuta Riley Fig. 181, where a represents the fly ; 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



171 



h, c, its fringed wings; d, one of its legs, and e, one of its 
antennae). Another parasite is a small, black, four-winged 
fly, and a third a larger two winged-fly ; the two latter attack 
the insect in its caterpillar state. 



No. 88.— The Polyphemus Moth. 

Telea poli/phemus (Linn.). 

The caterpillar of this insect, which is often found feeding 
on the leaves of plum-trees, is also known as the American 
silk-worm, in consequence of its having been extensively 
reared for the sake of its silk. When full grown, the larva 
presents the appearance shown in Fig. 182, and is over three 



Fig. 182. 




inches in length, with a very thick body. It is of a handsome 
light yellowish-green color, with seven oblique pale-yellow- 
ish lines on each side of the body ; the segments, which have 
the spaces between them deeply indented, are each adorned 
with six tubercles, which are sometimes tinted with orange, 
have a small silvery spot on the middle, and a few hairs 
arising from each. The head and anterior feet are pale 
brown, the spiracles pale orange, and the terminal segment 
bordered by an angular baud resembling the letter Y, of a 
purplish-brown color. 



172 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 



When mature, the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon 

within an enclosure 
^^^'- ^^^- usually formed by 

drawing together some 
of tiie leaves of the 
tree it has fed upon, 
some of which are 
firmly fastened to the 
exterior of the struc- 
ture. The cocoon (Fig. 
]83) is a tough, pod-like enclosure, nearly oval in form, and 
of a brownish-white color, and within it the larva changes to 

an oval chrysalis, of a chestnut- 
brown color, represented in Fig. 
184. Usually, the cocoons drop 
to the ground with the fall of the 




Fia. 184. 




leaves, remaining there during 

the winter. 

Late in May or early in June 

the prisoner escapes from its cell 
as a large and most beautiful moth, the male of which is 
shown in Fig. 185, the female in Fig. 186. The antennas are 
feathered in both sexes, but more widely so in the male than 
in the female. The wings, which measure, when expanded, 
from five to six inches across, are of a rich buif or ochrc- 
yellow color, sometimes inclining to a pale-gray or cream 
color, and sometimes assuming a deeper, almost brown shade. 
Towards the base of the wings they are crossed by an ir- 
regular pale-white band, margined with red ; near the outer 
margin is a stripe of pale purplish white, bordered within by 
one of deep, rich brown, and about the middle of each wing 
is a transparent eye-like spot, with a slender Tine across its 
centre; those on the front wings are largest, nearly round, 
margined with yellow, and edged outside with black. On 
the hinder wings the spots are more eye-like in shape, are 
bordered with yellow, with a line of black edged Avith blue 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



173 



above, and the whole set in a large oval patch of I'ich brown- 
ish black, the widest portion of it being above the eye-spot. 




where it is sprinkled also with bluish atoms. The front edge 
of the fore wings is gray. This lovely creature flies only at 



174 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 



night, and, when on tlie wing, is of such a size that it is often 
mistaken for a bat. Within a few clays the female deposits 




her eggs, gluing them singly to the under side of the leaves, 
usually only one on a leaf, b.ut occasiouMlly two or even three 
mav be found on the same leaf. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 175 

The egg is about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, slightly 
convex above and below, the convex portions whitish, and the 
nearly cylindrical sides brown. Each female will lay from 
two to three hundred eggs, which hatch in ten or twelve 
days. 

Remedies. — This insect is subject to the attack of many foes, 
particularly while in the larval state. A large number fall a 
prey to insectivorous birds, and they also have insect enemies. 
An Ichneumon fly, Opliion macrwum, the same as that 
which preys on the Cecropia emperor moth. No. 28 (see Fig. 
73), is a special and dangerous foe. This active creature 
may often be seen in summer on the wing, searching among 
the leaves of shrubs and trees for her prey. When found, 
she watches her opportunity, and places quickly upon the 
skin of her victim a small oval white egg, securely fastened 
by a small quantity of a glutinous substance attached to it. 
This is repeated until eight or ten eggs are placed, which in 
a few days hatch, when the tiny worms pierce through the 
skin of the caterpillar and begin to feed on the fatty por- 
tions within. The polyphemus caterpillar continues to feed 
and grow, and usually lives long enough to make its cocoon, 
when, consumed by the parasites, it dies ; in the mean time 
the Ichneumons, having completed their growtli, change to 
chrysalids within the cocoon, and in the following summer, 
in place of the handsome moth, there issues a crop of Ich- 
neumon flies. The polyphemus caterpillar is also subject to 
the attacks of another parasite, a Tachina fly. Should the 
insect ever appear in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome, 
it can be readily subdued by hand-picking. Besides the 
plum, the larva feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs, such 
as oak, hickory, elm, basswood, walnut, maple, butternut, 
hazel, rose, etc. 



176 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

No. 89. — The Waved Lagoa. 

Lagoa crispata Packard. 

The larva of this species is nearly oval, about three-fourths 
of an inch long, covered above with brownish, evenly-shorn 
hairs, which are raised to a ridge along the middle of the 
hack, and sloped oflP on each side like the roof of a house. 

It reaches maturity during September, when it makes a 
tough, oval cocoon, fastened to the side of a twig of the plum- 
tree on which it has been feeding, and within this changes to 
a brown chrysalis. The following July the top of the case 
is opened by the lifting of a flat, circular lid, and from it 
escapes a pretty moth. 

The moth is of a straw-yellow or yellowish-cream color, 
the fore wings more or less dusky on the outer margin, and 
covered with fine, flattened, curled hairs, arranged in regular 
waves, running from near the base to the tip. The wings, 
when expanded, measure about one and three-quarter inches 
across. The body and legs are thick and woolly, and at the 
tip of the abdomen there is a tuft of long, soft hairs, forming 
a bushy tail. It is common in the South and West, but is 
not often found in the North ; being a comparatively rare in- 
sect, it is never likely to give much trouble to the fruit-grower. 
It is found also feeding on the leaves of the apple and black- 
berry. 

No. 90. — The Streaked Thecla. 

Theda sirigosa Harris. 

This is a very rare insect, a small butterfly which has never 
been known to inflict any material damage, but, since its larva 
has been found feeding on the leaves of the plum-tree, it is 
deserving of mention. 

The caterpillar, when full grown, is half an inch or more 
in length, of a rich velvety green color, with a tinge of yellow ; 
there is a stripe of a darker shade down the back, with a faint, 
broken, yellowish line along the middle. The upper part of 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



177 



the body is flattened, the sides abruptly inclined, and striped 
with faint, oblique, yellowish lines. 

When mature, it forms a short, blunt, brown chrysalis, 
which in ten or twelve days produces 
the butterfly. 

This measures, when its wings are 
exi)anded, an inch or more across (see 
Fig. 187). It is of a plain, dark- 
brown color above, but beneath the 
wings are prettily ornamented with 
wavy white streaks. There is also a 
row of orange-colored, crescent-shaped 
spots on the hinder portion of the pos- 
terior wings, and a large blue spot near 
their hind angle. Each of the hind 
wings has two thread-like tails, one longer than the other, 




No. .91. — The Plum-tree Catocala. 

Catocala uUrowia Hubn. 

About the middle of June, when jarring the plum-trees for 
cnrculios, a very curious-looking, leech-like caterpillar often 
drops on the sheet spread beneath. It is flattened, with its 
body thick in the middle and tapering towards each end, and 
of a grayish-bi'own color. When full grown, it closely resem- 
bles Fig. 188 ; it is a little more than an inch and a half long, 

Fig. 188. 




didl grayish brown abov^e, with two or four small reddish 
tubercles on each segment of the body, all encircled by a slight 
ring of black at their base. On the upper part of the ninth 
segment there is a stout, fleshy horn, about one-twelfth of an 
inch long, pointed, and similar in color to the body, but with 

12 



178 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 



an irregular grayish patcli on each side. On the twelfth 
segment there is a low, fleshy ridge, tinted behind with deep 
reddish brown ; there is also an oblique stripe on this segment 
of the same color, extending forward. Along the sides of the 
body, and close to tlie under surface, there is a thick fringe 
of short, fleshy-looking hairs of a delicate pink color. The 
under side is also pink, deeper in color along the middle, with 
a central row of nearly round black spots, which are largest 
from the seventh to the eleventh segment inclusive. The 
anterior segments are greenish white, tinted with rosy pink 
along the middle. 

About the third week in June this larva becomes full 
grown, when, fastening together a few leaves with some 
silken fibres, it changes within this enclosure to a brown 
chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes in about three 
weeks. 

The moth (Fig. 189) has the fore wings of a rich umber 

Fig. 189. 




color, darkest on the hind margin, with a broad, diffiised ash- 
colored band along the middle, not extending to the apex, 
which is brown. There are also several zio-zao; lines of brown 
and white crossing these wings. The hind wings are deep 
red, with a wide black band along the outer margin, and a 
narrower band of the same color across the middle. The moth 
is on the wing during the greater part of July and August, 
during which period the eggs are deposited for the succeeding 
brood. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



179 



Fig. 190. 



Two other moths have been observed devouring plum 
leaves, but not in sufficient numbers to attract much attention. 
The first is Lithacodes fasciola Boisd., the larva of which is 
small, of a uniform green color, and spins a 
small, oval, brown cocoon between the leaves. 
The moth is sliown in Fig. 190. The other 
is a tufted cater[)illar, the larva of Parorgyia 
parallela G. & 11. ; it is densely covered with " '^" 
light-brown hairs, and has two black pencils of long hairs 
projecting in front of the head, and a single tuft of a similar 
character on the hinder portion of the body. 



No. 92.— The Leaf-cutting Bee. 

Megachile hrevis Say. 

This is a four-winged fly belonging to the Hymenoptera, a 
species of bee, which curls up the leaves of the plum-tree, 



Fig. 191. 




and further disfigures it by cutting circular pieces out of 
other leaves to line the coils and form chambers within 
them, in which its eggs are deposited, and where the larvae 



180 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

reinain until they reach maturity. The larvse do not feed 
on the leaves, but on pollen, or bee-bread, stored up in their 
cells by tlie parent insects. This bee is not very abundant, 
and is never likely to prove very injurious. It is represented 
in Fig. 191, with examples of the injury it does. 

No. 93. — The Plum-tree Aphis. 

Aphis prunifolii Fitch. 

This aphis resembles in its appearance and habits the apple- 
tree aphis. No. 57 ; it is, however, much less common. It 
infests the under side of the plum leaves', puncturing them 
and sucking their juices, causing them to become wrinkled 
and twisted. When first hatched, these insects are of a 
whitish color tinged with green, but as they increase in size 
they become of a deeper green, and when mature some of 
them are black, with pale- green abdomens and dusky wings. 
The remedies given under the apple-tree aphis (No. 57) are 
equally applicable to this species. 



ATTACKING THE PKUIT. 

No. 94. — The Plum Curculio. 

Conotrachelus nenuphar (Ilerbst). 

This insect is without doubt the greatest enemy the plum- 
grower has to contend with, for when allowed to pursue its 
course unchecked it often destroys the entire crop. The per- 
fect insect is a beetle belonging to a family known under the 
several names of curculios, weevils, and snout-beetles. It is a 
small, rough, grayish or blackish beetle, about one-fifth of an 
inch long (shown, magnified, at c in Fig. 192), with a blacU, 
shining hump on the middle of each wing-case, and behind 
this' a more or less distinct band of a dull ochre-yellow color, 
with some whitish marks about the middle; the snout is rather 
short. The female lays her eggs in the young green fruit 



ATTACKI.\G THE FRUIT. 



181 



Fig. 192. 




shortly after it is formed, proceeding in the following manner. 

Alighting on a plum, she makes with her jaws, which are at 

the end of her snout, a small 

cut through the skin of the fruit, 

then runs the snout obliquely 

under the skin to the depth 

of about one-sixteenth of an 

inch, and moves it backward 

and forward until the cavity is 

smooth and large enouo;h to re- 

ceive the egg to be placed in it. 

She then turns round, and, drop- 

})ing an egg into it, again turns 

and pushes it with her snout to 

the end of the passage. Subsequently she cuts a crescent-shaped 

slit in front of the hole, as shown at d, so as to undermine the 

egg and leave it in a sort of flap, her object, apparently, 

being to wilt the piece around the egg and thus prevent the 

growing fruit from crushing it. The whole operation occupies 

about five minutes. The stock of eggs at the disposal of a 

single female has been variously estimated at from fifty to 

one hundred, of which she deposits from five to ten a day, 

her activity varying with the temperature. 

The egg is of an oblong-oval form, of a pearly-white color, 
and large enough to be distinctly seen with the naked eye. 
By lifting the flap with the finger-nail or with the point of a 
knife it can be readily found. In warm and genial weather 
it will hatch in three or four days, but in cold and chilly 
weather it will remain a week or even longer before hatching. 

The young larva is a tiny, soft, footless grub, with a horny 
head. It immediately begins to feed on the green flesh of 
the fruit, boring a tortuous channel as it proceeds, until it 
reaches the centre, where it feeds around the stone. It attains 
its full growth in from three to five weeks, when it is about 
two-fifths of an inch long, of a glassy yellowish-white color, 
with a light-brown head, a pale line along each side of the 



182 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

body, a row of minute black bristles below the lines, a 
second row, less distinct, above, and a few pale hairs towards 
the hinder extremity. At a, Fig. 192, it is shown magnified. 
The skin of the larva being serai-transparent, the color of the 
internal organs shows through, imparting to the central por- 
tions of the body a reddish hue. The irritation arising from 
the wound and the gnawing of the grub causes the fruit to 
become diseased and gummy, and it falls prematurely to the 
ground, generally before the larva is quite full grown. Within 
the fallen plum the growth of the larva is completed, when, 
forsaking the fruit it has destroyed, it enters the ground, bury- 
ing itself from four to six inches deep, where, turning round 
and round, it compresses the earth on all sides, until a smooth 
oval cavity is formed, within which, in a few days, the larva 
changes to a chrysalis, shown, enlarged, at b, Fig. 192, and 
in from three to six weeks is transformed to a beetle, which 
is at first soft and of a reddish color, but soon hardens, and, 
assuming its natural hue, makes its way through the soil to 
the surface and escapes. 

The insect is single-brooded, the beetle hibernating in 
secluded spots, under the loose bark of trees and in other 
suitable places. About the time the plum-trees blossom 
the curculios are on the alert, and as soon as the fruit is 
formed the work of destruction begins. Both males and 
females puncture the fruit to feed on it, but only the females 
make the peculiar crescent-shaped marks described. They 
are much more numerous during the early part of the season 
than later on, and when the weather is warm they are active 
at night, and deposit eggs then as well as in the daytime. 
During the middle of the day, and also on warm nights, the 
beetle readily takes wing; it is less active during the morning 
and evening. Besides the plum, the peach, nectarine, and 
apricot also suffer much from its attacks, and it is very in- 
jurious to the cherry. In this latter case the infested fruit 
remains hanging on the tree, and the presence of the enemy 
is often unnoticed. The beetle also occasionally deposits its 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 183 

eggs in the pear and apple, but in these fruits it rarely matures : 
either the egg fails to hatch, or the young larva perishes soon 
after hatching. This insect is native to this country, and has 
in the past fed on the wild plums, on which it may still be 
found in considerable numbers. It varies much in relative 
abund'ance from year to year, being much scarcer in some 
seasons than in others. 

Remedies. — When the plum curculio is alarmed, it suddenly 
folds its legs close to its body, turns its snout under its breast, 
and falls to the ground, where it remains motionless, feigning 
death. Advantage is taken of this peculiarity to catch and 
destroy the insect: a sheet is spread under the tree, and the 
tree and its branches are suddenly jarred, when the beetles fall 
on the sheet, where they may be gathered up and destroyed. 
A convenient form of sheet may be made with two or four 
widths of cotton (depending on the size of the tree), and of 
the requisite length, stitched only half-way up the middle, to 
allow the trunk of the tree to pass to the centre, and having 
each of the sides tacked to a long strip of wood, about an inch 
square, so that the sheet may be conveniently handled and 
spread. Small trees may be jarred with the hand ; larger 
ones should have a branch cut oif, leaving a stump several 
inches long, which may be struck with a mallet, or a hole 
may be bored in the trunk and a broad-headed iron spike in- 
serted, which is to be struck with a hammer, avoiding as far as 
practicable any bruising of the bark. As it is important to 
catch as many of the beetles as possible before any mischief is 
done, jarring should be begun while the trees are in blossom, 
and continued daily, morning and evening, if the insects are 
abundant, for three or four weeks, or until they become very 
scarce. A form of curculio-catcher, known as Dr. Hull's, is 
an excellent contrivance where a large orchard has to be 
cared for. It consists of a wheelbarrow on which is mounted 
a large inverted umbrella, split in front to receive the trunk 
of the tree, against which the machine, which is provided 
with a padded bumper, is driven with force sufficient to jar 



184 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

the curculios down into the umbrella, where they are collected 
and destroyed. It is very important that the fallen plums 
sliould be promptly gathered and burnt or scalded, so as to 
destroy the larva before it has time to escape. Indeed, to 
make plum-culture a success, the jarring of the trees and the 
gathering of the fallen fruit must be regularly continued, 
an(i should be regarded as one of the necessary departments 
of labor belonging to it. 

Many other remedies have been suggested, but they are all 
of little value compared with those already given. One of 
these is to place hogs in plum and peach orchards to devour 
the fallen fruit ; and it is said to have proved in some in- 
stances a very successful and inexpensive way of disposing 
of a large portion of the curculios. Hens with their broods 
of chickens enclosed within the plum-orchard will devour 
a large number of the larvae of the curculio. It has also 
been advised to place chips or shingles, or strips of cloth or 
canvas, on the ground, under which some of the beetles will 
take shelter, when they may be easily captured. Various 
compounds have been suggested with which to syringe the 
foliage ; hanging bottles of sweetened water on the trees to 
attract the beetles, scattering air-slaked lime through the foli- 
age, and smoking the insects out by burning tar occasionally 

under the trees, have also been advised. As 
^^' ' a preventive measure, plum-orchards should 

\ Vh^/ > not be planted near a wood, as the curculios 

hud plenty of shelter there, and are likely 

to be more numerous than in more open 

iiround ; also avoid giving them sheltei", bv 

w^ WilUHk ^^ removing and burning all rubbish that may 

accumulate about the trees. 

There are many insects which devour the 

curculio larva as it escapes from the fruit, 
while some eat into the fruit as it lies upon the ground, seize 
the culprits, drag them out, and eat them. Foremost among 
these beneficial insects are two or three species of common 




ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



185 



ground-beetles belonging to the Carabkhe; of these the 
Pennsylvania ground-beetle, Uarpalus Pensylvanicus (De 
Geer), is by far the most common, and may be met with at all 



Fig. 194. 




times during the season. Fig. 193 shows it somewhat mag- 
nified, and Fig. 194 represents the larva of the same insect, 
of the natural size, in the act of devouring a curculio larva ; 
at b its formidable jaws are shown, mag- 
nified. Fig. 195 shows a larva of one of 
the larger species of this useful family, 
magnifietl. 

The larva of the soldier-beetle, Chau- 

\y, liognaiJms Americanus (Forst.), is also a 

useful agent in destroying the curculio. It 

is shown at a, Fig. 196, and a magnified 

Fig. 196. 






view of its head and jaws at 6. This little friend often 
works its way into the fruit in search of its prey, sometimes 
entering it Mdiile still on the tree. The perfect beetle (Fig. 
197) may be found during the summer on the flowers of the 
golden-rod, Solidago. The larvse of the lace- wing flies, of the 
genus Chrysopa, one of which is shown in Fig. 132, also 
devour them ; and ants have been known to destroy the grubs 



186 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 



as they leave the fruit to enter the ground. A minute 
yellow Thrips, scarcely one- twentieth of an incli lon^, is 



Fig. 198. 




Fig. 199. 




said to seek out and devour large quantities of the eggs of the 

curculio. 

Two species of parasites 
are known to attack the 
larva of this pest. One, 
known as the Sigalphus 
curculio parasite, Sigal])hus 
curculionis Fitch, is a small, 
black, four-Avinged fly, rep- 
198, where a shows the male, and b the 
With her sharp ovipositor the female punctures the 
skin of the curculio larva, 
and deposits an egg under- 
neath, which in due time 
produces a larva, as shown 
ata. Fig. 199. When the 
curculio larva is destroyed 
by the parasite, the latter 
encloses itself in a small, 
tough cocoon of yellowish 
silk, h, and then gradually 

assumes the pupa state, as shown at c; all these figures are 

magnified. The other species, known as thePorizon curculio 



resented in Fig 
female 

Fig. 200. 




ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 1^7 

j)arasite, Porizon conotracheli Riley, is also an Ichneumon fly, 
with similar habits and of" about the same size as the species 
just referred to. In Fig. 200, a represents the female, and 
b the male, both magnified. Neither of these parasites has 
yet appeared in sufficient numbers to act as an efficient cheek 
on the increase of the plum curculio. 

No. 95. — The Plum-gouger. 

Coccotorus scutellaris (Lee). 

While this insect has some points of resemblance to the 
plum curculio, it is in other respects so different as to be easily 
distinguished. The beetle, which is shown magnified in Fig. 
201, is about five-sixteenths of an inch long, with the thorax 
and legs of an ochre-yellow color, while the 
head and wing-cases are brown, with a leaden- Fig. 201. 
gi'ay tint, the latter with whitish and black 
sjiots scattered irregularly over their surface. 
The wing-cases are without humps ; the snout 
is somewhat longer than the thorax, and 
projects forward or downward, but cannot 
be folded under the breast as in the case of 
the plum curculio. It appears in spring 
about the same time as the plum curculio, but, instead of 
making a crescent-shaped slit in the plum, it bores a round 
hole like the puncture of a pin. 

The eggs are deposited in the following manner. With the 
minute but powerful jaws at the tip of the snout of the female, 
a iiole is made about four-fifths as deep as the snout is long, 
which is enlarged at the end and gouged out somewhat in the 
form of a gourd. The egg is placed in the excavation, and 
pushed down with the snout until it reaches the receptacle 
prepared for it. After being deposited, it swells from absorp- 
tion of the surrounding moisture, and within a few days the 
young larva escapes. 

On escaping from the egg, it makes an almost straight course 
for the kernel of the plum, through the soft shell of which 




188 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

it makes its way, and feeds upon the contents until full 
grown. When nearly mature, the larva, by a wise instinct, 
})repares a way for the escape of the future beetle by cutting 
a round hole through the now hard stone. The larva is of a 
milk-white color, with a large, horny, yellowish-white head, 
and jaws tipped with brown. It enters the chrysalis state 
within the plum-stone, and, when mature, the beetle passes 
through the hole bored by the larva, makes its way through 
the flesh, and escapes. 

While the normal habit of the plum curculio is to feed on 
the flesh outside the plum-stone, which latter it only occasion- 
ally penetrates, the plum-gouger lives and matures within. 
Both sexes of the plum-gouger bore cylindrical holes in the 
fruit for food ; and where the insect abounds, the growing fruit 
will be found covered with these punctures, from which more 
or less gum exudes, and the fruit becomes knotty and worth- 
less, but does not readily drop, as do those which have been 
injured by the plum curculio. The insect is single-brooded, 
and requires a longer time to mature than the plum curculio; 
eggs deposited in June do not produce beetles until the end 
of August or early in September. It appears to be unknown 
in the Eastern States, but is very generally distributed through- 
out the valley of the Mississippi. It is much less common, 
and does far less injury, than the plum curculio, although 
occasionally it is found in almost equal abundance. It is 
said to pass the winter in the beetle state. 

Remedies. — This beetle may be collected by jarring the 
trees in the manner described for the plum curculio, although 
it does not drop quite so readily; it also takes wing quickly, 
and hence is not so easily secured. 

ITo. 96.— The Saddled Leaf-hopper. 

Bi/thoscopus cUfeUarius Say. 

This insect is occasionally injurious to the plum, by punc- 
turing the stems of the fruit and sucking the fluids which 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 189 

should go to nourish and mature it. It is a small leaf-hoi)})er 
(shown in Fig. 202), about one-fifth of an inch long, 
of a dark-brown or black color, with a sulphur- Fig. 202. 
yellow spot like a saddle upon the middle of its back, jW 
and in front of this a band of pale yellow, — the head Jffl^. 
and under side being of the same color. It is un- ' ' 
likely that this insect will ever occur in sufiScient numbers to 
cause much injury. 



SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST OF INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AFFECT THE PLUM. 

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 

The peach-tree borer, No. 97, sometimes invades the plum- 
tree, and burrows about the collar and into the larger roots 
adjacent witliout causing an exudation of gum, as in the 
peach. Young trees are most liable to injury. 

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 

The flat-headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, frequently attacks 
the plum and materially injures the tree. 

ATTACKING THE LIMBS AND BRANCHES. 

The parallel Elaphidion, No. 12; the pear-blight beetle. 
No. 68 ; the New York weevil, No. 100 ; and the tree- 
cricket, No. 178. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The apple-tree tent-caterpillar. No. 20 ; the forest tent- 
caterpillar, No. 21 ; the white-marked tussock-moth, No. 22 ; 
the canker-worms, Nos. 25 and 26 ; the fall web- worm. No. 
27 ; the Cecropia emperor moth, No. 28 ; the unicorn promi- 
nent. No. 29 ; the blind-eyed sphinx, No, 31 ; the oblique- 
banded leaf-roller. No. 35 ; the leaf-crumpler, No. 37 ; the 
eye-spotted bud-moth. No. 38 ; the tarnished plant-bug. No. 



190 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 

71 ; the pear-tree slug, No. 75; the May-beetle, No. 113 ; the 
Ursula butterfly. No. 116; the basket-worm, or bag-worm, 
No. 120; the pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, No. 147; the 
grape-vine flea-beetle, No. J 50 ; the rose-beetle, No. 151; 
and the currant Amphidasys, No. 211, all devour the leaves, 
while the pear-tree blister-beetle, No. 73, eats both leaves and 
blossoms. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The codling moth, No. 58, occasionally injures the fruit; 
so, also, do bees and wasps, when it is fully ripe. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 



ATTACKING THE TEUNE. 



No. 97. — The Peach-tree Borer. 

^geria exitiosa Say. 

This notorious pest, so destructive to peach-orchards, is 
very widely disseminated. The parent insect belongs to a 
family of moths known as ^gerians, which, having trans- 
parent wings and slender bodies, strongly resemble certain 
wasps and hornets, and, as they fly in the daytime only, and 
are then very active on the wing, the resemblance becomes still 
more striking. The moth appears in the Northern States and 
Canada from about the middle of July to the end of August; 
in the South it appears much earlier, — in some localities as 
early as the latter part of May. The sexes differ very much 
in appearance. In Fig. 203, a represents the female, and 6 
the male. The female 

is much the larger, ^^^- ^^^• 

and has a broad, heavy 
abdomen. The body 
is of a glossy steel-blue 
color with a purplish 
reflection, and a broad 
band of orange-yellow 
across the abdomen. The fore wings are opaque, and similar 
in color to the body, their tips and fringes having a purplish 
tint both above and beneath. The hind wrings are transparent 
and broadly margined with steel-blue; when the wings are ex- 
panded, the moth measures about an inch and a half across. 
The male is smaller, i^ wings seldom measuring more than 
an inch ; its body, which is also of steel-blue color, with golden- 
yellow markings and a glossy, satin-like lustre, is much more 

191 




192 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 

slender than that of the female. The antennae are black 
and densely fringed on the inner side with numerous fine, 
short hairs, the latter a feature absent in the female. The 
head and thorax are marked with yellow, and the abdomen 
has two slender yellow bands above, and a white line on each 
side of the tuft of hairs at its tip. The wings are transparent, 
the veins, margins, and fringe steel-blue, and a steel-blue band 
extends nearly across beyond the middle. The feet and legs 
are marked with yellow and white. 

The female deposits her eggs on the bark of the tree at 
the surface of the ground. They are about one-fiftieth of an 
inch long, with a sculptured surface, oval in form, slightly 
flattened, and of a dull-yellowish color. They are deposited 
singly, are fastened to the surface of the bark by a gummy 
secretion, and sometimes have a few of the dark-blue scales 
from the tip of the abdomen of the female attached to them. 

As soon as the larva is hatched, it works downwards in the 
bark of the root, forming a small winding channel, which 
soon becomes filled with gum. As it increases in size, it 
devours the bark and sap-wood, and causes a copious exuda- 
tion of gum, which eventually forms a thick mass around the 
base of the tree, intermingled with the casting-; of the worm. 
When full grown (see Fig. 204), the larva measures over half 
an inch in length, and nearly a quar- 
204. ^gj^. ^^ yj^ jj^^jj ji^ diameter. It is a 

naked, soft, cylindrical grub, of a pale 
whitish-yellow color, with a reddish, 
horny-looking head and black jaws ; 
the upper part of the next segment is similar in appearance 
to the iiead, but of a paler shade. The under surface resem- 
bles the upper in color; the three anterior pairs of claw-like 
feet are tipped with brown ; the five hinder pairs of thick, 
fleshy prolegs are yellow, each of the latter margined with a 
fringe of very minute reddish-brown hooks. There are a few 
scattered hairs over the surface of the body, each arising from 
a pale-reddish, wart-like dot. The larvae may be found of 




ATTACKING THE TRUNK. ] 93 

different sizes all through the fall and winter months, some 
quite young associated with others nearly full grown. During 
the winter the larger ones rest, with their heads upwards, in 
smooth, longitudinal grooves which they have excavated, the 
back part being covered with castings mingled with gum and 
silken threads, forming a kind of cell, the cavity of which is 
considerably larger than the worm inhabiting it; the smaller 
ones usually lie in the gum, or between it and the wood of the 
trunk or root. In badly-infested trees the whole of the bark 
at the base or collar is sometimes consumed for an inch or two 
below the surface. Nor does the insect always confine itself 
to the base of the tree ; occasionally it attacks the trunk farther 
up, and sometimes the forks of the limbs ; but the exuding 
gum invariably points out the spot where the foe is at work. 

When about to become a pupa, the larva crawls upwards 
to the surface of the; ground, and constructs a pod-like case, 
of a leathery structure, made from its castings mixed with 
gum and threads of silk. It is about fhree-quarters of an 
inch long, of a brown color, oval in form, with its ends 
rounded ; its inner surface is smooth, and it is fastened against 
tiie side of the root, often sunk in a groove gnawed for that 
purpose, with its upper end protruding slightly above the 
surface of the ground. If the earth has recently been dis- 
turbed about the surface of the tree, so as to make it lie loose, 
the larva will often form its cocoon an inch or more below 
the surface. The enclosed pupa is at first white, but soon 
becomes of a pale tawny-yellow color, with a darker ring at 
each of the sutures of the body ; the pupa state lastg some 
three weeks or more. 

This is an American insect, unknown on the peach-trees of 
other countries. Its operations are not confined to the peach ; 
it works also on the plum, although in this instance no gum 
exudes from the tree, and it is quite probable that before the 
introduction of the peach into this country the larva lived in 
the roots of the wild plum, which it has now almost entirely 
forsaken. 

13 



]94 lysKCTs lyjiRiovs ro the I'each: 

lianaliefi. — Several remedies have been proposed to meet 
this evil, Where the larvjv are present, they are readily de- 
tected in consequence of the exudation of gum ; hence early 
in spring the trees should be carefully examined, a little of the 
earth removed from about the base, and, if masses of gum 
are found, the larva^ searched for and destroyed. Hot water 
is said to be very elfectual in killing them ; it should be 
used very hot, and after the earth has been removed, so as to 
insure its reaching the culprits before it cools. Among the 
preventive measures, much has been written in favor of 
mounding the trees, banking the earth up around the trunk 
to the height of a foot or more, and pressing it firmly about 
the tree. Some allow the mounds to remain permanently, 
but the better plan seems to be to mound up late in the 
spring or towards midsummer, and level otf the ground again 
in September, after egg-laving has ceased and the moths have 
disappeared. This treatment is said to make the bark very 
tender and liable to injury during the winter, and it is recom- 
mended by some to defer its application until the fourth year, 
by which time the bark will have become sufficiently thickened 
and hardy to endure the treatment without injury. Placing 
around the roots a betl of cindei"s, ashes, or lime, plastering 
the base of the trunk with mortar or clay and covering it 
with stout paper, coating the tree with an application of soap 
or tobacco- water, have all had their advocates; but the weight 
of testimony is in favor of the removal of the larviv with 
the knife late in the autumn or early in the spring, and 
subsequently mounding the trees in the manner already 
describeil. 

Another remedy proposed is to cover the trunk with straw 
in the following manner. Scrape the earth away from the 
collar, place a handful of straight straw erect around the 
trnid<, fastening it with twine, then return the soil, which 
will keep the ends of the straw in their ]dace. The straw 
should entirely cover the bark, and the twine be loosened as 
the trunk increases in si/.e. Trees so protected are said to 



ATTACKING TJIK BRANCHES. 195 

have reniainal uninjured while all arouud them have suffered 
from the borer. 

No. 98.— The Elm-bark Beetle. 

PldccolribHs liniinarin (Harris). 

This inseet is very common on elm-trees; it also occasiou- 
ally attacks the peach-tree, especially when from any cause it 
lias become diseased. In August or Se{)tember there ap])ear 
small {)erforations like pin-holes in the bark, from which issue 
minute cylindrical beetles about one-tenth of an inch long, of 
a dark-brown color, with the wing-cases deeply impressed with 
punctated furrows, and covered with short hairs; the thorax 
is also punctated. This sj)ecies has never occurred on the 
peach in sufficient nund>ers to attract general attention, or to 
require the adoption of any special remedies. 



ATTACKING THE BEANOHES. 

No. 99. — The Peach-tree Bark-louse. 

Lecanium peraica: (Fabr. ). 

This is an insect very similar in appearance and habits to 
the pear-tree bark-louse, Xo. 69. It is found attached to the 
smooth bark of the peach twigs, frequently beside a bud or 
at the base of a twig, appearing as a black hemispherical shell 
about the size and sha])e of a split ])ea ; its surface is uneven, 
shining, commonly showing a pale margin, and a stripe upon 
the middle. It feeds upon the sap, piercing the bark with 
its proboscis, and imbibing the juices. When mature, the 
removal of the scale discloses a multitude of eggs, which in 
due time hatch, and the young larv^ scatter over the twigs, 
and, fastening themselves to the bark, become permanently 
located, and live the full term of their lives without changing 
their position. 



196 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 



Fig. 205. 



No. 100.— The New York Weevil. 

Ithycerus novehoracensis (Forster). 

This is a snout-beetle or curculio, the largest species we 
have ill this country. It appears in May or June, and injures 
fruit-trees by eating the buds and gnawing into the twigs at 
their base, often causing them to break and fall; it also gnaws 
off the tender bark early in the season before the buds have 
expanded, and later eats the leaves off just a't their base, and 
devours the tender shoots. It is from four to six tenths of 
an inch in length (see c, Fig. 205), of an ash-gray color marked 
with black ; on each of its wing-cases 
there are four whitish lines interrupted 
by black dots, and three smaller ones on 
the thorax. The scutel, which is at the 
point of junction of the wing-cases with 
the thorax, is yellowish. The beetle is 
said to be more active at night than in 
the day, and seems to show a preference 
ou for tlie tender, succulent shoots of the 
apple, although it makes quite free with 
tliofc of the peach, pear, plum, and 
cherry. Sometimes it occurs in swarms 
in nurseries, when it seriously injures the 
young trees. In the East it is seldom 
present in sufficient numbers to prove 
injurious, but it is very common in the valley of the Missis- 
sippi. The larva is found in the twigs and tender branches 
of the bur-oak, and probably also in those of the pig-nut 
hickory. 

When the female is about to deposit an egg, she makes a 
longitudinal excavation with her jaws, as shown at a in Fig. 
205, eating upwards under the bark, and afterwards turns 
round and places an egg in the opening. 

The larva (6 in the figure) is a soft, footless grub, of a 
pale-yellow color, with a tawny head ; it is not known whether 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. ]97 

it undergoes its transformations within the twig, or enters the 
ground to pass the chrysalis state. 

Remedies. — There seems to be none other than to catch and 
kill tiiis mischief-maker. In common with almost all other 
curculios, this beetle has the habit of falling to the ground 
when alarmed, and hence may be captured by jarring tlie 
trees in the manner directed for the plum curculio, No. 94. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 101. — The Peach-tree Leaf-roller. 

Phjcholoma persicana (Fitch). 

Early in spring, when the young leaves are expanding, a 
small worm sometimes attacks them, and, drawing them to- 
gether with fine silken threads, secretes itself within, and 
feeds upon them. This larva is rather slender, of a pale- 
green color, with a pale, dull-yellowish head, and a whitish 
streak along each side of its back. When full grown, it 
changes to a chrysalis within its nest, where it remains about 
two weeks, and then escapes as a moth. 

The fore wings of the moth are of a reddish-yellow color, 
varied with black ; at the base they are paler ; there is a large, 
white, triangular spot on the middle of the outer margin, and 
a transverse streak of the same hue within the hind margin. 
This latter is divided by the veins crossing it into about four 
spots, and is bordered on its anterior side by a curved black 
band. When its wings are spread, this moth measures nearly 
three-quarters of an inch across. It has never yet been re- 
ported as very destructive anywhere, and is scarcely likely to 
require the application of any special remedy. 

No. 102. — The Blue-spangled Peach-tree Caterpillar. 

Cullimorpha Lecontei Boisd., vav. fulvicosta Clem. 

Very early in spring there may sometimes be found shel- 
tered under the loose bark of peach-trees, and sometimes also 



198 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 



on apple-trees, small black caterpillars covered with short 
stiff hairs and studded with minute blue spots. As soon as 
tlie leaves begin to expand, these larvae issue from their hiding- 
places and feed upon them. They grow rapidly, and soon 
attain their full size, when they are nearly an inch long, and 
aj)pear as shown at a, Fig. 20G ; c shows an enlarged side 



Fig. 206. 




view of one of the segments of the body, and d a back view 
of the same. The full-grown caterpillar is of a velvety 
black color above, and pale bluish, speckled with black, below. 
There is a deep orange line along the back, and a more distinct 
wavy and broken line aloug each side. The warts from which 
the bristly hairs issue are of a steel-blue color, with a polished 
surface, which reflects the light so as to make them appear 
quite brilliant. 

The larva selects some sheltered spot and there spins a slight 
cocoon of white silk, within which it changes to a chrysalis 
of a pur{)lish-brown color, finely punctated, and terminating in 
a flattened plate tipped with yellowish-brown, curled bristles. 

The moth issues during the early part of June in the 
Northern and Middle States; it is of a milk-white or cream 
color, with the head, collar, and base and tip of the abdomen 
orange-yellow. On the under side the anterior margins of 
the wings, the legs, and the body partake of the same hue. 
When spread, the wings measure about one and three-quarter 
inches across. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. I99 

Hemedies. — AVhen these larva? are numerous they sometimes 
do considerable damage to the young/oh'age of the peach-tree. 
They may be subdued by hand-picking, or by shaking them 
from the trees and crushing them under foot, or by syringing 
the leaves of the trees with Paris-green and water in the 
proportion of a teaspoonful to two gallons of water. 

No. 103.— The Peach-tree Aphis. 

Mi/zus pcrsicce Suhcv. 

This aphis begins to work upon tlie young leaves of the 
peach-trees almost as soon as they burst from the bud, and 
continues throughout the greater part of the season, unless 
swept off, as sometimes happens with surprising rapidity, by 
insect enemies. These lice live together in crowds under 
the leaves, and suck their juices, causing them to become 
thickened and curled, forming hollows with corresponding 
reddish swellings above; frequently the curled leaves fall 
prematurely to the ground. The perfect winged females are 
about one-eighth of an inch long, black, with the under side 
of the abdomen dull green, the wingless females rusty red, 
with the antennae, legs, and honey-tubes greenish. The 
wanged males are bright yellow, streaked with brown, with 
black honey-tubes. 

The insects which prey on the apple-tree aphis, No. 57, 
feed on this species also, and the remedies recommended for 
that insect are equally applicable to this one. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AirEOT THE PEAOH. 

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 

The flat-headed apple-tree borer. No. 3, and the divaricated 
Biiprestis, No. 104, both injure the trunk of the peach-tree. 



200 I^'SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT, ETC. 
ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

The buffalo tree-hopper, No. 18 ; the red-shouklered Sin- 
o;xylon, No. 130; the tree-cricket, No. 178; and the straw- 
berry root-borer. No. 190, all attack the branches. The 
stalk-borer. No. 201, sometimes bores into the buds and 
young branches. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 35; the leaf-crumpler. 
No. 37 ; the many-dotted apple-worm, No. 43 ; the saddled 
leaf-hopper, No. 96 ; the basket- worm, or bag-worm, No. 120; 
the rose-beetle. No. 151 ; and the smeared dagger, No. 194, 
devour the leaves. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The codling moth, No. 58; the ash-gray pinion. No. 64; 
the Indian Cetonia, No. 81 ; and the plum curculio. No. 94, 
all affect the fruit, the last-named insect being especially 
injurious. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT AND THE 
NECTARINE. 

The nectarine and apricot, being closely related to the 
peach, are liable to be injured by the same insects ; besides 
those enumerated as affecting the peach, the apricot occasion- 
ally suffers in its branches from the attacks of the pear-blight 
beetle, No. 68. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
No. 104. — The Divaricated Buprestis. 

Dicerca divaricata (Say). 

This is a beetle belonging to the family Buprestidse, most 
of the members of which are readily distinguished by their 
coppery or bronzed appearance. This species (see Fig. 207) 
is from seven to nine tenths of an inch in length, 
copper-colored, and sometimes brassy, and thiclvly ^^' 
covered with little indentations. The thorax is 
furrowed in the middle, and the wing-covers are 
marked with numerous irregular impressed lines 
and small, elevated, blackish spots. The wing- 
cases taper much behind, and their long and nari'ow 
tips are blunt-pointed, and spread apart a little, 
the latter peculiarity having given to the insect its specific 
name, divaricata. The beetles may be found sunning them- 
selves upon the limbs of cherry and peach trees during June, 
July, and August; they are active creatures, running briskly 
up and down the trunks of the trees in the sunshine. 

The female deposits her eggs on the cultivated and wild 
cherry-trees, and also on the peach, and, when hatched, the 
young larva bores through the bark and lives in and de- 
stroys the sap-wood underneath. It is a flattened larva, with 
its anterior segments very much enlarged, and closely re- 
sembles that of the flat-headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, Fig. 
4, but is larger. This insect is seldom very troublesome ; 
should it require attention, the remedies recommended for 
No. 3 will be equally applicable to this species. 

201 




202 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 



No. 105. — The Spotted Horn-beetle. 

Dynastes tityiis (Linn.). 

This is an enormous beetle, some two inches in length, 
exclusive of its horns. It is of a pale-olive color, with the 
wing-covers spotted and dotted with black. In the males 
the middle of the thorax is extended forward in the form of 
a long black horn, which is hairy along its under side, and 

usually notched at 
Fig. 208. its tip, as if formed 

to receive the sharp 
point of another 
similar horn, which 
curves upwards from 
the crown of the 
head. There are 
two other horns be- 
tween these, short 
and sharp-pointed. 
T h e f e m al e is 
smaller than the 
male, and unarmed, 
except with a small 
tubercle on the 
head. Fig. 208 
represents the male. 
The beetle occasionally varies in color: specimens have 
been found with chestnut-brown wing-covers, others with the 
thorax black ; and in one instance a male was taken with one 
of the wing-covers black, while the other was of the normal 
character. 

The larva of this insect bores in old, decaying cherry-trees. 
It somewhat resembles that of the rough Osnioderma, No. 8, 
but is much larger. The beetle is frequently met with in the 
South, and is sometimes found as far north as Pennsylvania, 
but the damage it inflicts is verv slight. 




ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



203 



Fig. 209. 



ATTACKING THE BKANOHES. 

No. 106. -The Dog-day Cicada. 

Cicada tlhicen Linn. 

In appearance this insect very much resembles the seven- 
teen-year locust, No. 15, but differs from it by occurring in 
more or less abundance every year during the months of 
August and September, when it sometimes wounds the small 
limbs of the cherry and deposits its eggs therein. The body 
is black on the upper side, the head and thorax being spotted 
and marked with olive-green. The wings are large, trans- 
parent, and strongly veined, the principal veins having a 
greenish tint. The under side of the 
body is coated with a whitish powder, 
legs greenish. This cicada, which is 
shown in Fig. 209, is very generally 
distributed throughout the Northern 
United States and the province of j 
Ontario, and the shrill notes of the ^ 
males may be heard almost everywhere 
during warm days in August, from ten 
o'clock in the morning until two in 
the afternoon. The males only are 
musical, and their drums are situated 
in cavities in the sides of the anterior 
segments of their robust bodies. 

The larva is unknown, but doubtless closely resembles that 
of the seventeen-year locust ; the })upa also is very similar, and 
has been found beneath cherry, maple, and elm trees. The 
ravages of this insect have never been sufficiently important 
to attract much attention. 




No. 107. — The Cherry-tree Bark-louse. 

Lecanium cerasifex Fitcli. 
This is a bark-louse very much resembling that of the 
pear-tree, Lecnninm pifi'i, No. 69. It may be found in 



204 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 

spring adhering to the under side of the limbs of cherry- 
trees and sucking their juices. The shell is hemispherical in 
form, black, more or less mottled with pale dull-yellow dots. 
On lifting this shell, a mass of minute eggs is found, which 
shortly hatch, whereupon the insects spread over the bark of 
the succulent twigs, and, piercing it, subsist upon the juices, 
passing through the various stages of their growth before the 
winter approaches. The remedies recommended for L. pyri 
will be equally a})plicable in this case. 

Wo. 108. — The Cherry-tree Scale-insect. 

Aspidloius cerasi Fitch. 

On examining the limbs of the choke-cherry in winter, 
there will sometimes be found on the bark a small, roundish 
scale like a tiny blisj;er, which, when raised, discloses a cluster 
of very minute dull -reddish eggs, the product of the cherry 
scale-insect, which is believed to be identical with the scurfy 
bark-louse, No. 17, and to which the same remedies may be 
applied. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 109. — The Violaceous Flea-beetle. 

Crepidodera Helxines (Linn.). 

From about the middle of May until August there may 
often be found on the leaves of cherry-trees small flea-beetles, 
about one-tenth of an inch long, and of a brilliant coppery, 
violet, or greenish-black color, with the antennae of a pale 
yellow, the under side black, and the legs, except the hinder 
thighs, dull pale yellow. Though small, this is a very active 
insect. It gnaws round pieces out of the under side of the 
leaf, leaving the upper skin unbroken, and sometimes eats 
entirely through, making numerous small holes in the young 
leaves at the ends of the limbs. It has not yet proved 
sufficiently troublesome to require any special remedy. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



205 



Fig. 210. 



No. 110. — The Promethea Emperor-moth. 

Callosamia Promethea (Drury). 

During the wintei* there may frequently be seeu on cherry- 
trees, particularly the wild species, a twisted leaf hanging here 
and there after all the others have 
fallen. A closer examination shows 
each of these to contain a long, oval, 
silken cocoon (see Fig. 210), tiie stem 
of the leaf beins; secured to the twig; 
on which it grew with silken threads. 
The silk is wound round the twig for 
about half an inch on each side, then 
carried down around the leaf-stalk to 
the cocoon, the whole being so firmly 
fastened that the leaf with the cocoon 
cannot be detached without much 
force. This is the cocoon of the 
Promethea emperor-moth. Besides 
the cherry, it is found on the sassa- 
fras, lilac, button-bush, and occa- 
sionally on other trees and shrubs. 

The moth escapes late in June or 
early in July. It is a handsome in- 
sect, and measures, when its wings are expanded, from three 
and a half to nearly four and a half inches across. The 
.sexes differ very much in appearance : the wings of the male 
(Fig. 211) are brownish black, those of the female (Fig. 212) 
light reddish brown. In both, the wings are crossed by a 
wavy whitish line near the middle, and a clay-colored border 
along the hind edges. Both also have an eye-like black spot, 
with a pale-bluish crescent within, near the tip of the fore 
wings. Near the middle of each of the wino-s of the female 
there is an angular reddish-white spot, edged with black ; the 
same is visible on the under side of the wings of the male, 
but is seldom seen on the upjier side. 




L^)() 



ixsKCTs ixjiiiiors TO TJiH (•in:iun' 



The foinalo lays lior ego-s in small clusters of live or six or 
more together; thev are of a ereamv-wlute color, about one- 



Fio. 211. 




sixteenth of an inch in vlianieier. with an ochreous-yellow 
spot on the njiper side. They hatch towar^ls the end of July. 



Fui. '2V2. 




Tlie newly-liatehed larva is about one-third of an ineli long, 
]>ale green, with yellow bands and faint rows of black tuber- 



ATTACKING THE LIIAVKS. 



207 



Via. 21.3. 







olcs. Aflor it lias passed the second nioull it appears as seen 

at a. From tlie end of August until late in SeptenilHir it may 

he fonii'l full thrown, wli'Mi it nxjasunis two inelies or more in 

](ii}.4li and al)ont liall" an ineli. in diam(;ter, and pre.-^enls tlio 

ap]»earanee sliown at 6 in F\^. 21.'j. It is of a l>liiisli-gr(;(;n or 

sometimes of a f^reenish-ycllow 

eolor, with tlie head, feet, and 

liinder s(;<^ments yellow. 'J'lierc 

ai-c ahout eight small warts or 

short lujrns of a deep-hhui eolor 

on eaeh segment, except the 

two npjx.'rrnost on the top of 

the third and fourth segments, 

which are of a rich eoi-al-r'(;d 

color, and :i long one on the 

top of th<' Iwclfil) ring, wliicli 

is yellow. 

The caterpillar is found I'cc.d- 
ing on the cherry, ash, sassafras, 
po|)lar, azalea, r;ephalanthiis, or 
Itutlon-hnsh, and other shrubs 
and tr(!('s. Although the ash 
is a very common food-plant 
for the larva, it is rarely, if 
ever, that a coftoon is found 
upon it; tin; leaf-stalks being 
so vei-y long, it is probably too laborious a task for the cater- 
pillars to fasten them to the twigs, and hence they wander off 
in search of leaves with shorter stalks and of a thicker, more 
leathery structure, such as the cherry or the lilac, which form 
a substantial covering for the cocoon. 

The cocoons are often perforated by birds during the winter 
and their contents devoured. Th(! insect is also subject to 
the attacks of a small ffjur-winged parasit<.', a species of Ich- 
neumon. 




208 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 

No. 111.— The Purblind Sphinx. 

Smerlntlms myops (Sra. & Abb.). 

There are sometiiiics found on cherry-trees, devouring the 
leaves, in the month of August, large, cylindrical, green larvae, 
about two inches long, with a curved horn at the end of the 
body. The head is bluish green, with a bright-yellow line on 
the sides ; the body is green, with a row of reddish-brown spots 
on each side of the back, and another similar row lower down 
near the breathing-pores. Along each side there are six oblique 
bright-yellow bands, and two short yellow lines on the anterior 
segments. The horn is green, tinted with yellow at the sides. 
This is the larva of the purblind sphinx. 

When full grown, it buries itself under the ground, where 
it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, and in this condition 
remains until the following June or July, when the perfect 
insect escapes. 

The moth is a very handsome one (see Fig. 214), and meas- 
ures, when its wings are expanded, about two and a half inches 

Fig. 214. 




across. The head and thorax are chocolate-brown with a 
purplish tinge, the thorax having a tawny yellow stripe down 
the middle ; the abdomen is brown, with dull-yellowish spots. 
The fore wings are chocolate-brown, with black bands and 
patches, and are angulated and excavated on the hind margin. 
The hind wings are dull yellow, with the outer half chocolate- 
brown, and have an eye-like spot towards the inner margin, 
blade, with a large pale-blue centre. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



209 



The insect is a rare one, and not likely ever to occur in 
sufficient numbers to do much injury. 

No. 112. — The lo Emperor-moth. 

Ilijperchiria lo (Linn.). 

This very beautiful insect appears in June and July. It 
remains inactive during the day, but flies about after dusk. 
The sexes differ in both size and color, the male (Fig. 215) 

Fig. 215. 






being the smaller. It is of a deep-yellow color, with puri)lish- 
brown markings; on the fore wings are two oblique wavy 
lines near the outer margin, a zigzag line near the base, and 
other blackish dots and markings. The hind wings are of 
a deeper ochre-yellow, and are shaded with purple next the 
body ; within the hind margin is a curved purplish band, 
and inside this a smaller one of a dark-purplish shade, while 
about the middle of the wing there is a large, round, blue 
spot with a whitish centre and enclosed in a broad ring of 
brownish black. The antennse of the male are beautifully 
featiiered, and the wings measure, when expanded, about two 
and a half inches across. The female (Fig. 216) measures 
from three to three and a half inches. The antennae are but 
very slightly feathered ; the fore wings are purplish brown 
mingled with gray, the wavy lines crossing the wings being 
also gray. There is a brown spot about the middle, margined 

14 



210 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 



by an irregular gray line, and towards the base the wings are 
densely clothed with a wool-like covering. The hind wings 
are very similar to those of the male ; the thorax and legs are 
purplish brown, the abdomen ochre-yellow, with a purplisli- 
red edging on each ring. 

Shortly after pairing, the female deposits her eggs in clus- 
ters, sometimes as many as twenty or thirty in one group. 

Fig. 210. 




They are top-shaped, compressed on both sides, and flattened 
above, about one-sixteentli of an inch long, and one-twentieth 
of an inch in the longest diameter, creamy white in color, 
with a yellowish spot above, which gradually becomes darker 
as it approaches maturity, until it is almost black, when the 
yellow larva within begins to show through the translucent 
sides. 

The young larvaj are darker in color than the more matured 
specimens ; they keep together in little swarms, and when 
moving from one place to another follow each other in regular 
processionary order, a single caterpillar taking the lead, closely 
followed sometimes by one or two in single file, then by two, 
three, four, or more, in regular ranks. When about half 
groAvn, they lose this habit, and, separating, each one shifts 
for itself. The larva attains maturity during August, when 
it measures two and a half inches or more in leno^th and is 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



211 



of a corresponding thickness. (See Fig. 217.) It is of a 
delicate pale-green color, paler, approaching whitish, along 
the back, with a broad 

dusky -white stripe on Fig. 217. 

each side, margined with 
reddish lilac; breathing- 
pores yellow, ringed with 
brown. The body is cov- 
ered with clusters of green 
branching spines tipped 
with black, arising from 
small warts, of which 
there are a number on 
each segment. These 
spines are very sharp, and 
when the insect is care- 
lessly handled they sting 
severely, producing on the 
more tender portions of 
the skin an irritation, accompanied by redness and raised 
white blotches, very similar to that of the stinging nettle. 
Fig. 218 shows some of these branching 
spines magnified, 6 being stouter and more 
acute than the others. 

When full grown, the larva descends to 
the ground, and, drawing together portions 
of dead leaves or other rubbish to form 
an outer covering, constructs within this 
a slight cocoon of tough, gummy, brown silk, in which the 
change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis is rather 
short and thick, of a pale-brown color, with a few reddish 
bristles on the abdominal joints, and a tuft of the same at 
the end. 

While common on the cherry, this caterpillar does not con- 
fine itself to one kind of food, but is also found feeding on 
the apple, thorn, willow, elm, dogwood, balsam poplar, sas- 




FiG. 218. 




212 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 

safraSj locust, oak, currant, clover, cotton, and other plants, 
shrubs, and trees. It is much more plentiful in some seasons 
than in others, but, in consequence of its using so many dif- 
ferent sorts of food, it is seldom noticed as very injurious to 
any particular kind of tree, shrub, or plant. Should it prove 
troublesome, it may easily be subdued by hand-jjicking, the 
operator using a pair of gloves while engaged in the work. 
The larva is attacked by parasites, particularly by a small, 
undetermined, four-winged fly. The long-tailed Ophion, 
Ophion macrurum, referred to under No. 28 (see Fig. 73), 
also preys upon it. 

No. 113.— The May-beetle. 

Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.). 

Every one must be familiar with the May-beetle, — or May- 
bug, as it is commonly called, — a buzzing beetle, with a slow 
but wild and erratic flight, which comes thumping against 
the windows of lighted rooms in the evenings in May and 
early in June, and, where the windows are open, dashes in 
without a moment's consideration, bumping against walls, 
ceiling, and articles of furniture, occasionally dropping to 
the floor, then suddenly rising again. It sometimes lands 
uninvited on one's face or neck, or, worse still, on one's head, 
where its sharp claws become entangled in the hair in a most 
unpleasant manner. It is a thick-bodied, chestnut-brown or 
black beetle (see Fig. 219, 3 and 4), from eight to nine tenths 
of an inch in length. Its head and thorax are punctated with 
small indentations ; the wing-covers, though glossy and shining, 
are roughened with shallow, indented points, and upon each 
there are two or three slightly elevated lines running length- 
wise. Its legs are tawny yellowish, and the breast is covered 
with pale-yellowish hairs ; the under surface is paler than the 
upper. During the day the beetles remain in repose, but are 
active at night, when they congregate upon cherry, plum, and 
other trees, devouring the leaves, — occasionally, when very 
numerous, entirely stripping the trees of foliage. Their 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



213 



strong jaws are well adapted for cutting their food, and their 
notched or double claws support them securely on the foliage. 
The female is said to deposit her eggs between the roots of 
grass, enclosed in a ball of earth ; they are white, translucent, 
and spherical, and about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. 
When hatched, the small white grubs begin at once to feed 
upon the rootlets of plants ; they are several years in reaching 
maturity, and hence larvse of diiferent sizes are usually found 

Fig. 219. 




in the ground at the same time. When full grown, they are 
almost as thick as a man's little finger ; they are soft and white, 
have a horny head of a brownish color, and six legs ; the 
hinder part of the body is usually curved under, as shown at 
2, Fig. 219. This larva is generally known as "the white 
grub," and is very injurious to strawberries, devouring the 
roots and destroying the plants ; it feeds also upon the roots 
of grass and other plants, and when very numerous it so in- 
jures pasture-lands and lawns that large portions of the turf 
can be lifted with the hand and rolled over like a piece 
of carpet, so completely are the roots devoured. When cold 
weather approaches, the grub buries itself in the ground deep 



214 



IJ^SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRV. 



enough to be beyond the reach of frost, and there remains 
until the following spring. 

Fig. 220. Fig. 221. 




When ready for its next change, the larva 
forms a cavity in the ground, by turning itself 
round and round and pressing the earth until 
it moulds a cell of suitable form and size, 
Avhich it lines with a glutinous secretion, so 
that the cell may better retain its form, and 
within this it changes at first to a pupa 
(shown at 1 Fig. 219), and finally produces 
the perfect beetle. 

Remedies. — It is very difficult to reach the 
larvae under ground with any remedy other 
than digging for them and destroying them. 
Hogs are very fond of them, and, when turned 
into places where the grubs are abundant, 
will root up the ground and devour them in 
immense quantities. They are likewise eaten 
by domestic fowls and insectivorous birds; 
crows especially are so partial to them that 
they will often be seen following the plougli, 
so as to pick out these choice morsels from 
the freshly-turned furrow. An insect para- 
site, the unadorned Tiphia, Tiphia inornata 
Say, is also actively engaged in destroying the 
white grub. Frequently, when digging the 
ground, a pale-brown, egg-shaped cocoon is 
turned up (see c, Fig. 220) ; within this, when fresh, will be 
found a whitish grub, represented at b, which, during its 



.c^ 



.0^\ 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 215 

growth, has fed upon the larva of tlie May-beetle. Within 
this snug enclosure it soon changes to a chrysalis, and finally 
assumes the perfect form, as shown at a in the figure. The 
fly is black, with sometimes a faint bluish tint, with dusky 
wings, and the body more or less covered with })ale-yellow 
hairs, which are thickest on the under side. 

A curious whitish fungus sometimes attacks this larva and 
destroys it, growing out at the sides of the head; the pro- 
tuberance or sprout rapidly increases in size, often attaining 
a length of three or four inches, when it presents the appear- 
ance shown in Fig. 221. A very large number frequently 
die from this cause. Trees infested with the beetles should 
be shaken early in the morning, when the insects will fall, and 
may be collected on sheets and killed by being thrown into 
scalding water. Besides the cherry and plum, these insects 
feed on the Lombardy poplar and the oaks. On account of 
the length of time the larva takes to mature, the beetles are 
not often abundant during two successive seasons. 

No. 114.— The Cherry-tree Tortrix. 

Caccecia cerasivorana (Fitch). 

Early in July there may often be found on the choke- 
cherry, and sometimes also on the cultivated cherry, one or 
more branches having all their leaves and twigs drawn 
together with a web of silken threads. On opening one of 
these enclosures, there will be found a large number of active 
yellow larvse. These are about five-eighths of an inch long, 
nearly cylindrical, the head black, body above yellow, a little 
paler between the segments, with a few very fine yellowish 
hairs. The anterior portion of the second segment and the 
hinder portion of the terminal one are black ; there is also 
a faint dorsal line of a darker shade. The under side is 
similar to the upper in color, and the six anterior claw-like 
feet are black. 

The chrysalis is formed within the nest in which the larva 
has lived, and is of a pale-brown color. The moth, when at 




210 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 

rest, is broad and flat, the outer edge of the fore wings being 
rounded towards the base, and straight from the middle to 
tlie tip, and when its wings are spread (see Fig. 222) it meas- 
ures from three-quarters of an inch to an 
inch across. The fore wings are crossed by 
irregular wavy bands, alternately of bright 
ochre-yellow and pale, dnll, leaden blue ; 
the yellow bands are varied with darker 
spots, the most conspicuous one of which is placed on the 
outer margin near the tip, and from this spot a broader ochre- 
yellow band extends towards the hind margin, and curves 
tiience to the inner angle ; the hind wings and entire under 
surface are pale ochre-yellow. 

Where this insect is found to be injurious, the webs con- 
taining the larvse and chrysalids should be gathered and 
destroyed before the winged moths mature. 

No. 115. — The Cherry-tree Plant-louse. 

Mrjziis cerasi (Fnbv.). 

This black, disgusting-looking louse begins to appear on the 
leaves of the cultivated cherry almost as soon as they are ex- 
panded, being hatched from eggs deposited on the branches 
the previous autumn, and they multiply so fast that the under 
side of the young foliage is soon almost entirely covered with 
them, and the growth of the tree stunted by their continual 
appropriation of its juices. They crowd together in dense 
masses, often two deep, standing on each other's backs, with 
only sufficient space between to enable them to insert their 
extended beaks into the leaves. In a few days these insects 
multiply enormously, their black bodies covering not only the 
under side of the leaves but also the leaf-stalks, and cluster- 
ing about the stems and green heads of the young fruit, while 
swarms of flies and other insects, attracted by the sweet exu- 
dations from the bodies of the lice, keep up a constant hum 
and buzz around the infested trees. 

The ])resence of these aphides in such numbers has tlie 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 217 

effect of attracting to the tree their natural enemies, wliich 
also multiply with great rapidity and make astonishing havoc 
among their defenceless victims. The lady-birds and their 
larvre, also the larvee of Syrphus flies and lace-wing flies, many 
of which are referred to under Xo. 57, appear in abundance 
among them, tearing and devouring them with the greatest 
ferocity, and usually within two or three weeks the aruiies 
of lice are completely annihilated, and the leaves of the trees 
appear clean again. Later in the season the lice appear a 
second time, but occupy only the tender leaves at the ends of 
the shoots, some of them usually remaining there during the 
rest of the summer. On the approach of cold weather, males 
are produced, and subsequently a stock of eggs is placed by 
the females about the base of the buds and iu the fissures of 
the bark of the branches, where they remain unhatched until 
the following spring. 

These lice may be killed by thoroughly drenching them 
with weak lye, strong soapsuds, or tobacco-water, but what- 
ever solution mav be used it must come in contact with the 
lice in order to be effectual; dipping the extremities of the 
limbs in such solutions, where such a course is practicable, will 
quickly destroy them. The easiest remedy, however, is to aid 
nature by introducing among the colonies a number of lady- 
birds and other enemies, who at once set to work to devour 
them \\\t\\ great vigor. A very minute Ichneumon fly, a 
species of Aphidius (T/'iarys cerasphis Fitch), is parasitic upon 
these lice and destroys large numbers of them. 

No. 116.— The Ursula Butterfly. 

Limenitls Ursula Eabr. 

This is a medium-sized but handsome butterfly, which is 
seen on the wing during the months of June and July. It is 
represented in Fig. 223. Its wings are of a blackish-brown 
color fflossed v/ith a bluish tint, and with tliree marginal rows 
of bluish crescents of varying size. In the female the inner 
row is less marked, and each crescent is supported behind by 



218 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRV. 

a deep-orange patdi or point. On the fore wings there are 
several white spots towards the tip. The margins of both 
wings are slightly cienate, the hollows being edged with 
white. When the wings are spread, they measure about three 
inches across. 

Tiie female deposits her eggs on the leaves of the cherry, 
both wild and cultivated, and occasionally also on those of 

Fig. 223 




the apple and piuili. The full-grown larva is about an inch 
and a quarter long, of an oliv^e-green color variegated with 
russet, white, reddish yellow, and ochreous, with two long 
reddish horns behind its head, and two tubercles on each of 
the other segments, all green except those on the fifth seg- 
ment, which are reddish. The chrysalis is russety marked 
with white, is suspended by its tail, and has on the middle 
of its back a curious and prominent projection like a Roman 
nose. Both the larva and the chrysalis resemble that of 
Limenitis disippus, Fig. 178. This insect is met with only 
occasionally, and has never been reported as destructive any- 
where. It is found as far north as the Province of Ontario 
in Canada, but is much more common in the Middle and 
Southern States. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 219 

No. 117.— The Cherry-tree Thecla. 
Thecla titus Fabr. 

Thi.s is a very pretty little butterfly, better known as 
Thecla mopsns. (See Fig. :224.) It is of a dark-brown 
color above, with a row of seven or 
eight orange-colored spots near the Fig. 224. 

margin of the hind winjjs, which 
are larger and more conspicuous on 
the under than on the upper side. 
The wings beneath are light brown, 
with a row of deep but bright 
orange spots near the hind margins 
of both pairs, an inner and more irregular row of small black 
spots, encircled with white, and on the middle of the hind 
wings two similar spots, placed close together. In flight it is 
active, but its movements are of a jerky nature. The wings 
measure, when expanded, an inch and a quarter or more 
across. 

The caterpillar, which is found feeding on cherry leaves 
during the month of May, is a curious flat creature, re- 
sembling a wood-louse in outline, of a dull-green color, per- 
vaded by a yellowish tint. There is a patch of rose color on 
the anterior segments, and another larger one on the hinder 
extremity. 

The chrysalis is pale brown and glossy, with many small 
dark-brown or blackish dots distributed over the whole 
surface, and thickly covered with very short brown hairs, 
scarcely visible without a magnifying-lens. The butterfly 
appears about the middle of July, and is very partial to the 
flowers of the " butterfly-weed," Asdepias tuberosa, as well as 
to those of the common milkweed, Asdepias cornuti. 

This insect is never found in sufficient abundance to be 
injurious, but whenever met with it excites the curiosity of the 
observer. 



220 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 



ATTACKING THE TEUIT. 

No. 118.— The Cherry Bug. 

Metapodius femoratus (Fabr.). 



Fig. 225. 




This insect, which belongs to 
the order Hemiptera, is said to 
injure the fruit of the cherry 
in the Western States by punc- 
turing it with its beak and 
sucking the juices. It is rep- 
resented in Fig. 225. It is 
said to attack only the sweet 
varieties of cherry. 



SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST OP INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AFFECT THE CHEEEY. 

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 

The larva of the stag-beetle, No. 5, also that of the rough 
Osmoderma, No. 8, occasionally injure the roots of the cherry, 
but chiefly affect those trees which are old and decaying. 

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

The apple-twig borer, No. 13 ; the imbricated snout-beetle, 
No. 14; and the New York weevil, No. 100. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The leaves of the cherry-tree suffer from all the following : 
the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, No. 20 ; the forest tent-cater- 
pillar, No. 21 ; the white-marked tussock-moth, No. 22 ; the 
red-humped apple-tree caterpillar, No. 24 ; the canker-worms, 
Nos. 25 and 26 ; the fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia 
emperor-moth, No. 28; the turnus swallow-tail, No. 30; the 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 221 

American lappet-moth, No. 33 ; the oblique-banded leaf- 
roller, No. 35; the leaf-eriimpler. No. 37 ; tlie eye-spotted 
bud-moth. No. 38 ; the many-dotted apple-worm. No. 43 ; 
the palmer-worm. No. 44 ; the hag-moth caterpillar, No. 
48; the saddle-back caterpillar. No. 49; the tarnished plant- 
bug, No. 71 ; the pear-tree slug, No. 75 ; the gray dagger- 
moth, No. 84; the Disippus butterfly. No. 87; the blue- 
spangled peach-tree caterpillar, No. 102; the basket-worm, 
or bag- worm, No. 120; and the rose-beetle, No. 151. The 
pear-tree blister-beetle. No. 73, devours the blossoms as well 
as the young leaves. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The plum curculio, No. 94, affects the fruit to an alarming 
extent in many sections, and, since the cherries do not drop 
from the trees as the plums do, from the injuries caused by 
this insect, the extent of its depredations is not easily ascer- 
tained. Tt is not unusual to find a considerable proportion 
of the ripe cherries in the markets containing the larva of 
this curculio, nearly full grown. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. 

ATTACKING THE TEUNK. 
No. 119. — The auince Scale. 

Aspidiotus cydonice Coinstock. 

This scale is found on the quince-tree in Florida. It is 
of a gray color, somewhat transparent, very convex in form, 
and about six-liundredths of an inch in diameter. Where it 
is found injurious, it may be removed from the trunk and 
limbs with a stiif brush dipped in a strong solution of soap. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 120. — The Basket-worm, or Bag-worm. 

Thyridopteryx ephemercsformis (Haworth). 

During the winter the curious weather-beaten bags of this 
insect may be seen hanging from many different sorts of 
trees, both evergreen and deciduous. In the latter class they 
are found on the quince, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, elm, 
maple, locust, and linden, and in the former on arbor-vitse, 
Norway spruce, and red cedar. If a number of these bags 
are gathered in the winter and cut open, many of them will be 
found empty, but the greater portion will be seen to present 
the appearance shown at e in Fig. 226, being in fact partly 
full of soft, yellow eggs. Those which do not contain eggs 
are male bags, and the empty chrysalis skin of the male is 
generally found protruding from the lower end. 

The eggs are soft, opaque, obovate in form, about one- 
twentieth of an inch long, and surrounded by more or less 
222 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



223 



fawn -colored silky down ; they hatch during May or early 
in June. 

The young larvffi are of a brown color ; they are very 
active, and begin at once to make for themselves coverings of 
silk, to which they fasten bits of the leaves of the tree on 
which they are feeding, forming small cones, as shown at g 
in the figure. As the larvae grow, they increase the size of 
their enclosures or bags from tiie bottom, until they become 
so large and heavy that they hang instead of remaining 



Fifi. 22G. 




upright, as at first. By the end of July the caterpillars 
become full grown, when they appear as shown at /, Fig. 
226, where the larva is seen with its head and a portion of 
its anterior segments protruded from the bag. When taken 
out of tiie enclosure at this stage, it presents the appearance 
shown at a in the figure, that portion of the body which has 
been covered by the bag being soft, and of a dull-brownish 
color, inclining to red at the sides, while the three anterior 
segments, which are exposed when the insect is feeding or 
travelling, are horny and mottled with black and white. 
The small, fleshy prolegs on the middle and hinder segments 
are fringed with numerous hooks, by which the larva is 



224 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE qUINCE. 

enabled to clino- to the silken liiiino- of its bao; and drag; it 
along wherever it goes. The outer surface of the bag is 
rough and irregular from the protruding portions of the 
stems and leaves which are woven into it. During; their 
growth these caterpillars are slow travellers, seldom leaving 
the tree on which they were hatched ; but when about full 
grown they become much more active, and often lower them- 
selves to the ground by silken threads, and slowly wander 
from place to {)lace. 

AVhen about to change to chrysalids, they fasten their bags 
securely to the twigs of the ti'ees on which they happen to be, 
and then undergo their change. The male chrysalis, shown at 
b, Fig. 226, is much smaller than the female, which is seen 
within the bag at e. 

The female moth is wingless, and never leaves the bng, but 
works her way to its lower orifice, and there awaits the attend- 
ance of the male. She is not only without wings, but is des- 
titute of legs also ; in short, she seems to be nothing more than 
a yellowish bag of eggs with a ring of soft, pale-brown, silky 
hair near the tail. She is represented at c in the figure. The 
male (d, Fig. 226) has transparent wings and a black body, and 
is very active on the Aving during the warmer portions of the 
day. After pairing, the female deposits her eggs, intermingled 
with fawn-colored down, M^thin the empty pupa-case, and 
when this task is completed she works her way out of the 
case, drops exhausted to the ground, and dies. 

The bag-worm is a Southern rather than a Northern insect, 
although it is found as far north as New Jersey and New 
York, and occasionally in Massachusetts ; it is extremely local 
in its character, often abounding in one particular neighbor- 
hood and totally unknown a few miles away. Where they 
occur in abundance they often almost entirely defoliate the 
trees they attack ; this, however, may be easily prevented 
by gathering the cases which contain the eggs for the next 
brood during the winter and destroying them. There are 
two species of Ichneumon which attack the bag-worm : one of 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



225 



them, Cryptus inquisitor (Say) (Fig. 227), is about two fifths of 
ail inch long, the other, Hemiteles thyridopteryx Riley, is about 
one-third of an inch long; the male is shown in Fig. 228, 
the female in Fig. 229, both magnified. Five or six of this 



Fig. 227. 



Fig. 22 



Fig. 229. 



Fig. 230. 




latter species will sometimes occupy the body of a single 
caterpillar. After destroying their victim they spin for them- 
selves tough, white, silken cocoons within the bag, a section 
of which is shown in Fio;. 230. 



Fig. 231. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

No. 121. — The Quince Curculio. 

Conotrachelus cratcegi Walsh. 

This is a broad-shouldered snout-beetle, larger than the 
plum curculio. No. 94, and has a longer snout ; in Fig, 231, n 
shows a side view of the insect, 6 a back view. It is of an 
ash-gray color, mottled with ochre-yel- 
low and whitish, with a dusky almost 
triangular spot at the base of the 
thorax above, and seven narrow longi- 
tudinal elevations on the wing-covers, 
with two rows of dots between each. 
It is an indigenous insect, having its 
home in the wild haws, in which it is 
frequently found, but it is also very 

injurious to the quince. It appears during the month of 
June, and punctures the young fruit, making a cylindrical 

15 




226 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. 

hole a little larger than is sufficient to admit the egg, and 
enlarged at the base. AVithin this receptacle the egg is 
placed, and hatches there in a few days. The larva does 
not penetrate to the core, but burrows in the fruit near the 
surface; it resembles the larva of the plum curculio in ap- 
pearance, but is somewhat larger, and has a narrow dusky 
line down the back. In about a month it becomes full 
grown, when it leaves the fruit through a cylindrical opening 
and buries itself two or three inches in the ground, where it 
remains during the autumn, winter, and early spring months 
without change. It becomes a chrysalis early in May, and 
assumes the beetle form a few days afterwards. The beetle 
also feeds on the quince, burying itself completely in the 
substance of the fruit ; it occasionally attacks the pear. 

Where these beetles prove destructive they may be collected 
by jarring, as recommended for the plum curculio ; and care 
should be taken to destroy all the fruit which falls prema- 
turely to the ground. 



SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AFPEOT THE QUINCE. 

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 

The round-headed apple-tree borer, No. 2. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The leaf-crurapler. No. 37 ; the tarnished plant-bug. No. 
71 ; and the pear-tree slug. No. 75. The pear-tree blister- 
beetle, No. 73, eats both the flowers and the leaves. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

ATTACKING THE EOOTS. 
No. 122. — The Broad-necked Prionus. 

Priomis laticollis (Drury). 

This is a gigantic borer (Fig. 232), from two and a half to 
three inches in length, of a yellowish-white color, with a 

Fig. 232. 




small, horny, reddish-brown head, and a bluish line down the 
back, which cuts for itself a cylindrical hole through the 
centre of the root of the vine, a little below the surface ; and 
when the root is barely large enough to contain the larva, 
nothing but a thin skin of bark is left, but this is always 
found entire, so that the insect cannot be easily discovered. 
It is probable that it lives in the larval state about three 
years, and that it changes to a chrysalis (Fig. 233) within the 
root towards the end of June. 

The beetle appears about the middle of July, and is known 
as the Broad-necked Prionus. Fig. 234 represents the female, 
which measures from an inch and a quarter to an inch and 
three-quarters in length, and is of a brownish-black color, with 
strong, thick jaws; the antenna? are rather slender; the thorax 
is short and wide and armed at the sides with three teeth. The 
wing-covers have three slightly-elevated lines on each, and 

227 



228 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

are thickly punctated. In the male the body is shorter, 
while the antennae are longer, stouter, and toothed. 

Little or notiiing can be done in the way of extirpating 
these under-ground borers, as their presence is seldom suspected 

Fig. 233. Fig. 234. 





until the vine becomes sickly, or dies from the injuries they 
have caused. Where grape-vines die suddenly from any 
unknown cau.se, the roots should be carefully examined, and 
if evidences of the presence of this borer are discovered, it 
should be searched for and destroyed. 

No. 123.— The Tile-horned Prionus. 

Frionus imbricornis (Linn.). 

The larva of this beetle, a species closely allied to No. 122, 
has also been found devouring the roots of the grape-vine. 
The larvae of these two species resemble each other so closely 
that they are almost indistinguishable. When full grown, 
the borer collects together a few fibres and chips of the roots, 
and with the aid of these constructs a loose cocoon, within 
which it changes to a pupa almost identical with that of 
No. 122. (See Fig. 233.) 

This beetle, M'hich is represented in Fig. 235, is called the 
Tile-horned Prionus because the joints of the antennae of the 



ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 



229 



male overlap one another like tiles on a roof. It is verv 
similar in appearance to the broad-necked prionus, but the 
two species may be distinguished by the difference in the 



Fig. 235. 




number of the joints in their antennae : in imhricornis the 
male has about nineteen joints, and the female about sixteen, 
while in laticollis both sexes have twelve-jointed antennae. 
Any remedial measures useful for one species will be equally 
applicable to the other. 

No. 124. — The Grape-vine Root-borer. 

^geria polistiformis Harris. 
This larva resembles that of the peach-tree borer, No. 97, 
in appearance and habits, but is a little larger in size. The 
larvae of the Prionus beetles have only six legs, while this 
Egerian larva, in common with most lepidopterous insects, 
has sixteen legs, — .six horny ones 
on the anterior segments, and ten 
fleshy or membranous ones on the 
hinder segments, — and when full 
grown it measures from an inch to 

an inch and a half in length. (See Fig. 236.) It lives ex- 
clusively under ground, and consumes the bark and sap-wood 
of the grape-roots, eating irregular furrows into their sub- 



FiG. 236. 





230 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

stance; sometimes it eats the bark, and at other times works 
its way under the surface. 

When full grown, the larva forms a pod-like cocoon of 
a gummy sort of silk, covered with little bits of wood, bark, 
and earth, and situated within or adjacent to the injured root. 
Within this it changes to a brown chrysalis, which, when 
mature, works itself out of the cocoon by means of minute 

teeth, with which the segments 
Pig. 237. are armed, and thence to the 

surface of the ground, when the 
perfect insect escapes. Fig. 237 
shows the cocoon with the chrys- 
alis partly protruding from it 
and the newly -escaped moth 
resting on it. 

The moth resembles a wasp in appearance, and in the noise 
it makes during its flight. The female is shown in Fig. 238. 
The antennae ore simple and black, the body of a brownish- 
black color, marked with orange or tawny yellow. There 
is a bright-yellow band on the base of the second segment 
of its abdomen, and usually a second one on the fourth 
joint, but sometimes this latter is wanting ; near the tip of 
the abdomen below there is a short pencil of tawny orange 
hairs on each side. The fore wings are brownish black, with 
a more or less distinct clear patch at the base ; the hind wings 
transparent, with the veins, the terminal edge, and the fringe 
brownish black. In the male (Fig. 239) the antennae are 
toothed, except for a short distance near the tip; the thorax 
and abdomen are darker in color, and in addition to the 
short pencils of orange hairs on the abdomen below, there 
are two longer ones above. The wings, when expanded, 
measure from an inch to an inch and a half across. The 
moth appears during August. 

The female is said to dejiosit her eggs on the collar of the 
grape-vine, close to the earth, and the young larvse, as soon 
as hatched, descend to the roots. 



ATTACKn\G THE ROOTS. 231 

This insect inhabits the Middle, Western, and some of the 
Southern States. It is said to have been exceedingly destructive 
in North Carolina both to wild and cultivated grapes, and is 
reported as injurious also in Kentucky. The moth is found 
in the South from the latter part of June until September. 

It is stated that the Scuppernong grape, a variety of the fox- 
grape, Vitis vulpina, is never attacked by this borer; if tiiis 

Fig. 238. Fig. 239. 





be so, its ravages may be prevented by grafting other vines on 
roots of the Scuppernong. When it has been ascertained that 
the borers are at work on a vine, the earth should be cleared 
away from above the roots and the invaders searched for and 
destroyed ; hot water applied about the roots is said to kill 
them. As a preventive measure, mounding the vines, as 
recommended for peach-trees, under the head of the peach- 
tree borer, No. 97, would probably be beneficial. 

No. 125.— The Grape Phylloxera. 

Phylloxera vastatrix Planclion. 

This tiny foe to the grape-vine has attained great celebrity 
during the past few years, and much attention has been paid 
to the study of its life-history and habits, in the hope of 
devising some practical measures for its extermination. The 
destruction it has occasioned in France has been so ffreat that 
it has become a national calamity, which the government has 
appointed special agents to inquire into; large sums of money 
have also been offered as prizes to be given to any one who 



232 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

shall discover an efficient remedy for this insect pest. At the 
same time it has made alarming progress in Portugal, also 
in Switzerland and in some parts of Germany, and among 
vines under glass in England. It is a native of xlmerica, 
whence it has doubtless been carried to France; it is common 
throughout the greater portion of the United States and in one 
of its forms in Canada ; but our native grape-vines seem to 
endure the attacks of the insect much better than do those of 
Europe. Recently it has appeared on the Pacific slope, in the 
fertile vineyards of California, where the European varieties 
are largely cultivated, and hence it-s introduction there will 
probably prove disastrous to grape-culture. 

This insect is found in two different forms: in one instance 
on the leaf, where it produces greenish-red or yellow galls of 
various shapes and sizes, and is known as the type Gallsecola, 
or gall-inhabiting; in the other and more destructive form, on 
the root, known as the type Radicicola, or root-inhabiting, 
causing at first swellings on the young rootlets, followed by 
decay, which gradually extends to the larger roots as the 
insects congregate upon them. These two forms will for 
convenience be treated together, a slight departure from the 
general plan of this work. 

The first reference made to the gall-producing form was by 
Dr. Fitch in 1854, in the " Transactions of the New York 
State Agricultural Society," where he described it under the 
name of Pemphigus vitifolide. Early in June there appear 
upon the vine leaves small globular or cup-shaped galls of 
varying sizes. A section of one of these is shown at d, Fig. 
241 ; they are of a greenish-red or yellow color, with their outer 
surface somewhat uneven and woolly. Fig. 240 represents a 
leaf badly infested witli these galls. On opening one of the 
freshly-formed galls, it will be found to contain from one to 
four orange-colored lice, many very minute, shining, oval, 
whitish eggs, and usually a considerable number of young 
lice, not much larger than the eggs, and of the same color. 
Soon the gall becomes over-populated, and the surplus lice 



ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 



233 



wander off through its partly-opened mouth on the upper 
side of the leaf, and establish themselves either on the same 
leaf or on adjoining young leaves, where the irritation oc- 
casioned by their punctures causes the formation of new galls, 
within which the lice remain. After a time the older lice 
die, and the galls which they have inhabited open out and 
gradually become flattened and almost obliterated ; hence it 
may happen that the galls on the oUler leaves on a vine will 

Fig. 240. 




be empty, while those on the younger ones are swarming with 
occupants. 

These galls are very common on the Clinton grape and other 
varieties of the same type, and are also found to a greater or 
less extent on most other cultivated sorts. They sometimes 
occur in such abundance as to cause the leaves to turn brown 
and drop to the ground ; and instances are recorded where 
vines have been defoliated from this cause. The number 
of eggs in a single gall will vary from fifty to four or five 
hundred, according to its size. There are several genera- 
tions of the lice during the season, and they continue to 
extend the sphere of their operations throughout the greater 
part of the summer. Late in the season, as the leaves become 



234 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GIL4PE. 



less succulent, the lice seek other quarters, and many of them 
find their way to the roots of tiie vines and establish them- 
selves on the smaller rootlets. By the end of September the 
galls are usually deserted. In Fig. 241 we have this type 



Fig. 241. 




of the insect illustrated : a shows a front view of the young 
louse, and b a back view of the same, c the egg, d a section 
of one of the galls, e a swollen tendril,/, g, h, mature egg- 
bearing gall-lice, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, i antennae, 
and J the two-jointed tarsus. 

When on the roots, the lice subsist also by suction, and their 
punctures result in abnormal swellings on the young rootlets, 
as shown at a in Fig. 242. These eventually decay, and this 
decay is not confined to the swollen portions, but involves the 
adjacent tissue, and thus the insects are induced to betake 
themselves to fresh portions of the living roots, until at last 
the larger ones become involved, and they, too, literally waste 
away. 

In Fig. 242 we have the root-inhabiting type, JRadidcola, 
illustrated: a, roots of Clinton vine, showing swellings; b, 
young louse, as it appears when hibernating ; c, d, antennoe 
and leg of same ; e, f, g, represent the more mature lice. 



ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 



235 



It is also farther illustrated in Fig. 243, where a shows a 
healthy root, 6 one on which the lice are working, c a root 
which is decaying and has been deserted by them ; d, d, d, in- 
dicate how the lice are found on the larger roots; e represents 
the female pupa, seen from above, / the same from below, g 
winged female, dorsal view, h the same, ventral view, i the 
antennae of the winged insect, and j the wingless female, lay- 
ing eggs on the roots ; k indicates how the punctures of the 
lice cause the larger roots to rot. Most of these figures are 

Fig. 242. 




highly magnified, the short lines or dots at the side showing 
the natural size. 

During the first year of the insect's presence the outward 
manifestations of the disease are very slight, although the 
fibrous roots may at this time be covered with the little swell- 
ings; but, if the attack is severe, the second year the leaves 
assume a sickly yellowish cast, and the usual vigorous yearly 
growth of cane is much reduced. In course of time the vine 
usually dies; but, before this takes place, the lice, having little 
or no healthy tissue to M^ork on, leave the dying vine and seek 
for food elsewhere, either wandering under ground among 
the interlacing roots of adjacent vines, or crawling over the 



236 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



surface of the ground in search of more congenial quarters. 
During the winter many of them remain torpid, and at that 
season they assume a dull-brownish color, so like that of the 







roots to which they are attached that they are difficult to 
discover. They have then the appearance shown at 6 in Fig. 
242. With the renewal of growth in the spring, the young 
lice cast their coats, rapidly increase in size, and appear as 
shown at e, f, g, in the figure ; soon they begin to deposit eggs ; 



ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 237 

these eggs hatch, and the young ones shortly become egg-laying 
mothers like the first, and, like them, also remain wingless. 
After several generations of these egg-bearing lice have been 
produced, a number of individuals about the middle of sum- 
mer acquire wings. These also are all females, and they 
issue from the ground, and, rising in the air, fly, or are carried 
with the wind, to neighboring vineyards, where they deposit 
eggs on the under side of the leaves among their downy 
hairs, beneath the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, 
or in crevices of the ground about the base of the vine. 
Occasionally individual root-Iiee abandon their underground 
habits and form galls on the leaves. 

The complete life-history of this insect is extremely inter- 
esting and curious, and those desiring further information as 
to the different modifications of form assumed by the insect in 
the course of its development will find it given with much 
minuteness of detail in the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth 
" Reports on the Insects of Missouri," by C. V. Riley. 

Remedies. — This is an extremely difficult insect to subdue, 
and various means for the purpose have been suggested, none 
of which appear to be entirely satisfactory. Flooding the 
vineyards, where practicable, seems to be more successful than 
any other measure, but the submergence must be total and 
prolonged to the extent of from twenty-five to thirty days ; 
it should be undertaken in September or October, when it is 
said that the root-lice will be drowned and the vines come 
out uninjured. 

Bisulphide of carbon is stated by some to be an efficient 
remedy ; it is introduced into the soil by means of an auger 
with a hollow shank, into which this liquid is poured ; several 
holes are made about each vine, and two or three ounces are 
poured into each hole. Being extremely offensive in odor 
and very volatile, its vapor permeates the soil in every direc- 
tion, and is said to kill the lice without injuring the vines. 
This substance should be handled with caution, as its vapor 
is very inflammable and explosive. Alkaline sulpho-carbon- 



238 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



ates are also recommended ; these are gradually decomposed 
in the soil and give oif sulphuretted hydrogen and bisulphide 
of carbon. Carbolic acid mixed with water, in the propor- 
tion of one part of the acid to fifty or one hundred parts of 
water, has also been used with advantage, poured into two or 
three holes made around the base of each vine with an iron 
bar to the depth of a foot or more. Soot is also recommended 
to be strewed around the vines. 

It is stated that the insect is less injurious to vines grown 
on sandy soil, also to those grown on lauds impregnated with 
salt. 

Since large numbers of these insects, both winged and 
wingless, are known to crawl over the surface of the ground 
in August and September, it has been suggested to sprinkle 
the ground about the vines at this period with quicklime, 
ashes, sulphur, salt, or other substances destructive to insect 
life. The application of fertilizers rich in potash and ammo- 
nia, such as ashes mixed with stable-manure or sal ammo- 
niac, has been found useful. A simple remedy for the gall- 
inhabiting type is to pluck the leaves as soon as the galls 
appear and destroy them. 

Several species of predaceous insects prey on this louse. 
A black species of Thrips with white-fringed wings [Thrips 
phylloxer-DS Riley, see Fig. 244) deposits its eggs within the 

gall, which when hatched 
produce larvsB of a blood- 
red color, which play sad 
havoc among the lice. 
The larva of a Syrphus 
fly, Pipiza radicuni, which 
feeds on the root-louse of 
the apple (see Fig. 2), has 
also been found attacking 
the Phylloxera. Another 
useful friend is a small mite [Tyroglyphus phylloxerse P. & 
R., see Fig. 245), which devours the lice; and associated with 



Fig. 2M. 




ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 



239 



this is sometimes found another species {Hoplophora arctata 
Riley) of a very curious form, reminding one of a mussel. 
Fig. 246 represents this insect in different attitudes, highly 
'magnified. 

The gall-inhabiting type is very subject to the attacks of a 
small two-winged fly, Diplosis gr-assatoi- Fyles, which deposits 

Fi .. 24o. 




its eggs either in the gall or at its entrance, from which the 
larva is soon produced. This, although destitute of legs, is 
very active, and, groping about in the interior of the gall, 
seizes on the young lice soon after they are hatched and sucks 
them dry. It does not appear at first to attack the parent lice; 

Fig. 246. 




the tender progeny are more to its liking, and these are 
produced in sufficient numbers to furnish it with a constant 
supply of fresh food. In some instances one larva, in others 
two are found in a single gall, and as they increase in size 
they devour the lice very rapidly, and before changing to the 



240 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 




..^^ 



chrysalis state clear the gall entirely of its contents. The 
larva (Fig. 247, a) is about one-tenth of an inch long, of a pale 

pinkish-yellow color, glossy 
Fig. '247. and semi-transparent, with a 

dark line down the back on 
the two anterior and some 
of the posterior segments. 
On the terminal segment 
there are two short, fleshy 
horns united by a slight 
ridge ; the horns are tipped 
with brownish black, and 
have a minute cluster of 
sj)ines at their summit, 
y'^ /'''^'^^^^^L -^^^^ chrysalis, shown at b 

in the figure, is a little less 
than one-tenth of an inch in 
length, of a reddish-browu 
color, with a few short hairs scattered over its surface, and 
two blackish horns united by a ridge near the hinder extremity. 
Both the chrysalis and the larva are magnified. 

The perfect insect escapes in about a fortnight after the 
chrysalis is formed. It is a very pretty little two-winged fly, 
shown much magnified at c in the figure, and of its natural 
size at d. 

The Phylloxera is also preyed on by the larva of a dull- 
colored lady-bird, a species of Scymnus, by several other 
species of the lady-bird family, and by the larv^re of the lace- 
wing flies referred to under No. 57. 

To iruard against its introduction into new vinevards, the 
roots of young vines should be carefully examined before being 
planted, and if knots and lice are found upon them these 
latter may be destroyed by immersing the roots in hot soap- 
suds or tobacco-water. 

Our native American vines are found to withstand the 
attacks of this insect much better than do those of European 



ATTACKING THE BliANCIIKS. 241 

origin ; lience by grafting tlie more susceptible varieties on 
tliese hardier sorts, the ill efFeets produced by the lice may in 
some measure be counteracted. The roots recommended to be 
used as stocks are those of Concord, Clinton, Herbemont, Cun- 
ningham, Norton's Virginia, Rentz, Cynthiana, and Taylor. 
The Clinton, one of the varieties recommended, is particularly 
liable to the attacks of the gall-producing type of Phylloxera, 
but the lice are seldom found to any great extent on its roots, 
and the vine is so vigorous a grower that a slight attack would 
not produce any perceptible injury. 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

No. 126. — The Grape-vine Bark-louse. 

Palvinaria innumerabilis Kathvon. 

During the month of June there are sometimes found on 
tlu! branches of the grape-vine, brown, hemispherical scales, 
from under one end of which there protrudes 
a cotton-like substance, which increases in ^'^^l^^^' 

size until the beginning of July, by which 
time it has become a mass about four times 
as large as the scale. (See Fig. 248.) This ^'lYillifMjI 
cottony matter contains the eggs of the in- jii^<U,u\] 
sect, and very soon there issue from it minute, 
oval, yellowish-white lice, which distribute 
themselves over the branches, to which 
they attach themselves, and shortly become 
stationary, sucking the juices. This species \-''^ 

is believed to be the same as the European / \ 

scale-insect of the vine. These scales are I f j 

not usually found in any great abundance, \ 
and may be readily scraped off with a knife 
or other suitable instrument, which should 
be done before the young lice escape. 

10 



242 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

No. 127. — The Four-spotted Spittle-insect. 

Aphrophora 4-notata Say. 

Occasionally there appear upon the branches in June spots 
of white, frothy matter, resembling spittle, embedded in which 
is found a soft, pale, wingless insect, which punctures the bark 
and sucks the juices from the branch, at the same time secreting 
over and around itself this spittle-like covering. Tlie perfect 
or winged insect (see Fig. 249) is a flattened tree-hopper of a 
brown color, which occurs upon the vines in the early 
Fig. 249. part of July. It is about three-tenths of an inch 
,/ long; its wing-covers are brown, with a blackish spot 
at the tip, a second one on the middle of the outer 
margin, and a third one at the base, with the spaces 
between the spots whitish. Should this insect at any time 
prove injurious, it may be easily destroyed by the hand while 
in the soft, wingless form enclosed in its frothy covering. 

No. 128. — Signoret's Spittle-insect. 

Aphrophora Signoreti Fitch. 

This is an insect very similar in habits and appearance to 
No. 127, surrounding itself while in the soft or larval condi- 
tion with the same sort of frothy mass. When perfect, it is 
a little more than tiiree-tenths of an inch long, of a tawny- 
brown color clouded with dull white, and thickly punctated 
with black clots. The wing-covers have on their inner margin, 
near the tip, a small white spot, and another larger one oppo- 
site this on the outer margin ; but the wings are not spotted 
with black as in No. 127. 

No. 129. — The Two-spotted Tree-hopper. 

Enchenopa binotata (Say). 

This is a small but very odd-looking brown insect, with two 
yellowish spots on the edge of the back, and a prolongation 
in front like the beak of a bird. It sometimes punctures the 



ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 



243 




tender stems of the grape, causing them to wilt and turn 
brown. While this tree-hopper is occasionally found on the 
vine, it is much more common on the red-bud, Cercis ; but 
its favorite home is on the wafer-ash, Ptelea trifoliata. 

No. 130. — The Red-shouldered Sinoxylon. 

Sinoxylon basilar e (Say). 

The larva of this insect (Fig. 250, a) bores into the stems 
of grape-vines, and sometimes also into the branches and 
trunks of apple and peach 

trees. It is a yellowish, ^^^- '^■^*^* 

wrinkled grub, about three- 
tenths of an inch long, with 
the anterior segments swol- 
len, the head small, and 
the body arched or bent. 

The chrysalis (Fi^;. 250, 
b) is of a pale-yellowish 
color, and is formed in the chambers mined by the larva. 

The beetle is shown in the figure at c. It is about one-fifth 
of an inch long, black, with a large reddish spot at the base 
of each wing-cover. The thorax is punctated and armed 
with short spines in front ; the wing-covers are roughened 
with dots, and appear as if cut off obliquely behind, the outer 
edge of the cut portion being furnished with three teeth on 
each side. 

The only method suggested for destroying this insect is to 
burn the wood infested by it. 

No. 131. — The Grape-vine Wound-gall. 

Vitis vulnus Riley. 

This curious gall, which is represented in Fig. 251, is pro- 
duced by the Sesostris snout-beetle, Ampeloglypter Sesostris 
(Lee). The beetle (Fig. 252) is about one-eighth of an inch 
Ions', of a reddish-brown color, with a stout beak half as 
long as its body. The thorax is punctated, and the wing- 



244 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



Fro. 



,K^ ' 




cases are polished and glossy, without any markings. It 
appears during the early part of July, when the female punc- 
tures the stem of the vine and deposits an egg- 
therein, which shortly hatches, producing a tiny 
whitish grub, which lives within the swollen 
part and feeds upon it. At first the gall is 
small and inconspicuous, but towards the end of 
the season it assumes the form of an elongated 
knot or swelling, as shown in the figure ; this is 
generally situated immediately above or below a 
joint. Usually there is a longitudinal depres- 
sion on one side, dividing that portion into two 
prominences, which commonly have a rosy tint. 
Within the gall the larva remains until June 
of the following year. When full grown, it is 
about a quarter of an inch long, 
white, cylindrical, and footless, Avith 
a large yellowish head. During the 
month of June it changes to a 
chrysalis, from whicli the perfect 
beetle is produced in about a fort- 
night. 

These galls do not appear to injure to any material extent 
the branches on which they occur ; should they ever multiply 
so as to become injurious, their increase may be readily checked 
by cutting off and burning those portions of the canes on whicli 
they are situated, before the beetles escape. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



No. 132. — The Green Grape-vine Sphinx. 

Darapsa myron (Cramer). 

The larva of this insect is one of the most common and 
destructive of the leaf-eating insects injurious to the grape. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



245 



The first brood of the perfect or winged insect appears from 
the middle to the end of May, when the female deposits her 
eggs on the under side of the leaves, generally placing them 
singly, but sometimes in groups of two or three. The eggs 
are nearly round, about one-twentieth of an inch long, a little 
less in width, smooth, and of a pale yellowish-green color, 
changing to reddish before hatching. 

The young caterpillar comes out of the egg in five or six 
days, when it makes its first meal on a part of the empty egg- 



Fi& 253. 




fc«-- 



shell, and then attacks the softer portions of the grape-vine 
leaves. When first hatched, it is one-fifth of an inch long, 
of a pale yellowish-green color, with a large head, and having 
a long black horn near its posterior extremity, half as long 
as its body. As it increases in size, the horn becomes rela- 
tively shorter and changes in color ; the markings of the larva 
also vary considerably at each moult. When full grown, it 
presents the appearance shown in Fig. 253. It is then about 
two inches long, with a rather small head of a pale-green 
color dotted with yellow and with a pale-yellow stripe down 
each side ; the body is green, of a slightly deeper shade than 
the head, and covered with small yellow dots or granulations ; 



246 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

along the sides of the body these granulations are so arranged 
as to form a series of seven oblique stripes, extending back- 
wards, and margined behind with a darker green. A white 
lateral stripe with a dark-green margin extends from just 
behind the head to tlie horn near the other extremity. Along 
tlie back are a series of seven spots, varying in color from 
rod to pale lilac, each set in a patch of pale yellow. The 
caudal horn is one-fifth of an inch long, and varies in color 
from reddish to bluish green, granulated with black in front, 
and sometimes yellow behind and at the tip. This larva 
has the power of drawing the head and next two segments 
within the fourth and fifth, causing tliese latter to appear 
much distended; the feet are red, the prolegs pale green. 
Some specimens, especially among those of the later brood, 
will be found exhibiting remarkable variations in color ; 
instead of green they assume a delicate reddish-pink hue, with 
markings of darker shades of red and brown, which so alter 
their appearance that they might at first sight be readily 
taken for a diiFerent species ; a careful comparison, however, 
will show the same arrangement of dots and spots as in the 
normal form. 

When full grown, the larva descends from the vine and 
draM^s a few leaves loosely together, binding them with silken 
threads, usually about or near the base of the vine on which 

it has fed, and within this 
Fig. 254. i . / i + 

rude structure changes to a 

chrysalis (see Fig. 254) of a 

pale-brown color, dotted and 

streaked with a darker shade, 

and with a row of oval dark- 

brown spots along each side. 

The moths from this first brood of larvse usually appear 

during the latter part of July, when they deposit eggs for a 

second brood, which mature late in September, pass the winter 

in the pupa state, and emerge as moths in the following May. 

The wings of this insect, when fully expanded, measure 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



247 



about two and a half iiiclien ticross, their form being long and 
narrow, as shown in Fig. 255. The fore wings are of a dark 
olive-green color, crossed by bands and streaks of greenish 
gray, and shaded on the outer margin with the same hue. 
The hind wings are dull red, with a patch of greenish gray 
next the body, shading gradually into the surrounding color. 
On the under side the red appears on the fore wings, the hinder 
pair being greenish gray. The antennae are dull white above, 
rosy below, head and shoulder-covers deep olive-green, the 

Fig. 255. 




rest of the body of a paler shade of green ; underneath the 
body is dull gray. 

This moth rests quietly during the day, taking wing at 
dusk, when it is extremely active ; its flight is very swift and 
strong, and as it darts suddenly from flower to flower, rapidly 
vibrating its wings, remaining poised in the air over the 
objects of its search, while the long, slender tongue is in- 
serted and the sweets extracted, it reminds one strongly of a 
humming-bird. 

The caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of the 
vine, being capable of consuming an enormous quantity 
of food ; one or two of them, when nearly full grown, will 
almost strip a small vine of its foliage in the course of two 
or three days. In some districts they are said to nip off the 
stalks of the half-grown clusters of grapes, so that they fall 
unripe to the ground. 




248 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

Remedies. — The readiest and most effectual method of" dis- 
posing of these pests is to pick them off the vines and kill 
them. They are easily found by the denuded canes whicli 
mark their course, or where the foliage is dense they may 
be tracked by their large brown castings, 
which strew the ground under their places 
of resort. Nature has provided a very 
efficient check to their undue increase, in 
a small parasitic fly, a species of Ichneu- 
mon (see Fig. 256), the female of which 
punctures the skin of the caterpillar and 
deposits her eggs underneath, where they soon hatch into 
young larvae, which feed upon the fatty portions of their 
victim, avoiding the vital organs. By the time the sphinx 
caterpillar has become full grown, these parasitic larvse have 

matured, and, eatins^ their way 
Fig 257. . . 

through the skin of their host, they 

\3T/!^Ti<lr><r construct their tiny snow-white 

cocoons on its body, as shown in 

Fig. 257, from which, in about a 

week, the friendly fly escapes by pushing oj)en a nicely-fitting 

lid at one end of its structure. No larva thus infested ever 

reaches maturity ; it invariably shrivels up and dies. 

No. 133.— The Pandorus Sphinx. 

Philampelus Pandorus (Ulibn.). 
This is one of the most beautiful of our Sphinx moths, a 
rare as well as lovely creature, and an object highly prized by 
collectors. It is found throughout the Northern United States, 
and occasionally in Canada, but is nowhere very common. It 
is represented in Fig. 258. Its wings, when expanded, will 
measure from four to four and a half inches across; they are 
of a light-olive color, mixed with gray, and varied with 
patches of a darker olive-green, rich and velvety, and some 
portions, especially on the hind wings, of a rosy hue. The 
body is pale greenish brown, ornamented with dark-olive 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



249 



patches. The moths appear in July, when, after pairing, 
the female deposits her egg-s singly on the leaves of the grape- 
vine, or Virginia qx^q^qv , Ampelopsis quinquefolia, where they 
shortly hatch, producing small green larvfe of a pinkish hue 
along the sides, and with a very long pink horn at the tail. 
As the caterpillar increases in size, the horn becomes shorter, 



Fig. 258. 




and after a time curves round, as shown at c, Fig. 259. As 
the larva approaches maturity, it changes to a reddish-brown 
color, and after the third moult entirely loses the caudal 
horn, which is replaced by a glassy, eye-like spot. The 
mature larva, when in motion, as shown at a in the figure, 
will measure nearly four inches in length, but when at rest it 
draws the head and two adjoining segments within the fourth, 
as shown in the figure at b, which shortens its body nearly 
an inch, giving it a very odd appearance, with its anterior 
portions so blunt and thick. It is of a rich reddish-brown 
color, of a lighter shade along the back, with five nearly 
oval cream-colored spots along each side from the seventh to 
the eleventh segment inclusive. On the anterior segments 
there are a number of black dots; a dark, polished, raised, 



250 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



eye-like spot in place of the tail, the breathing-pores along 
the sides black, showing prominently in the cream-colored 

spots. It is a very 
^^ voracious feeder, and 

strips the vine of its 
leaves "with such ra- 
pidity that it soon 
attracts attention. 

When full grown, 
t descends fx'om the 
Iz^E,^ vine and buries itself 
in the ground, where 
it forms an oval 
cell, within which it 
t\ changes to a chrysa- 
lis. The chrysalis is 
of a chestnut-brown 
<'<)lor, with the seg- 
ments roughened with 
impressed points, the 
rininal joint having 
L long thick spine. 
The insect usually re- 
mains in the chrysa- 
lis state until the fol- 
lowing summer, but 
occasionally it ma- 
tures and escapes the 
same season. Should these larvse at any time prove trouble- 
some, thej can be readily subdued by hand-picking. 

No. 134. — The Achemon Sphinx. 

Philampelus achemon (Drury). 
The caterpillar of this sphinx (Fig. 260) is truly a formida- 
ble-looking creature, measuring, when full grown, if at rest, 
about three inches, and when in motion about three and a 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



251 



half inches. It much resembles that of Pandoriis, No. 133, 
and feeds also on the Virginia creeper {^Ampelopsis guinquefolia) 
as well as on the grape-vine. The egg is laid on the under 
side of the leaf in July, and the young larva, when hatched, 
is of a light-green color, with a very conspicuous reddish- 
bro\vn horn, half as long as its body, which, as the larva 
increases in size, becomes shorter, and finally disappears, its 
place being occupied by a })olished tubercle with a central 
black dot. The mature larva varies from a pale straw-color 
to a reddish brown, the color growing darker down the sides. 



Fig. 260. 




becoming deep brown as it approaches the under surface. An 
interrupted line of brown runs along the back, and another 
unbroken one extends along each side ; below this latter there 
are six cream-colored spots, as shown in the figure, one on each 
segment, from the sixth to the eleventh inclusive. The body 
is much wrinkled, and dotted with minute spots, which are 
dark on the back, lighter and anuulated at the sides. The 
head and next two segments are small, and are drawn witiiin 
the fourth when at rest, as seen in the figure. It becomes full 
grown during the latter part of August or early in September, 
and just before undergoing its next change assumes a beau- 
tiful pink or crimson color. 

Leaving tiie vine, it descends to the ground, where it buries 
itself to the depth of several inches, and, having formed for 
itself a smooth cell, changes to a chrysalis (Fig. 261) of a 
dark, shining, mahogany color, with the anterior edges of the 
segments along the back roughened with minute points, and 
with a short, blunt spine at the extremity. The insect usually 



L'Oli 



lysKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



roinains in this comlition in the oroinul until late in Juno the 
tolKnving year; but instances haN'o been reeordeil whore the 
nioth has appeared the same sejison. 



FKi. Util. 




The moth is ot' a brownish-g-ray color, variogatod with light 
bntwn, and with deep-brown spots, as sliown in Fig. 262. 
The hind wings are pink, becoming deeper red near the middle. 
There is a broad ^niv border behind, with a row of darker 



Fio. '202. 





iM- ^ 




S])ots along its front edge, becoming t'aintcr towards the outer 
margin. The boilv is reddish gray, with two triangular patches 
of deep brown on the thorax. 

This insect is found in almost all parts of the United States 
and Cauaila where the grape is cultivated, but has never oc- 
curred in snffii'ient ninnbers to bo injurious. It is so couspie- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



253 



uoiis ill the liirval state that it niiglit easily be controlled by 
haiul-pieking should it at any time prove troublesome. 

No. 135.— The Abbot Sphinx. 

TliijfcuH Ahbolu Swiiinsoii. 

This is not a common insect, yet it is found occasionally 
over a large portion of the United States and (Amada. The 
caterj)illar (see Fig. 2()3) attaius full growth about the end of 

Fig. 203. 





July or the beginning of August, when it measures nearly two 
and a Jialf inches in length, it varies considerably in color, 
from dull yellow to reddish brown, each segment being marked 
transversely with six or seven fine black lines, and longitu- 
dinally with dark-brown patches, giving to the larva a check- 
ered appearance. Near the posterior extremity of the body 
there is a polished black tubercle above, ringed with yellow. 

The chrysalis is commonly formed in a little cavity on the 
surface of the ground, covered with a few pieces of leaves 
loosely fastened together and mixed with grains of earth, I)ut 
it is said sometimes to bury itself below the surface. It is 
about an inch and a quarter long, of a dark-brown color, 
roughened with small indentations except betwecMi the joints, 



254 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

and terminating in a flattened point, with two small thorns at 
the end. The insect remains in the chrysalis condition until 
the following spring. 

The moth (Fig. 263) is found on the wing from the early 
part of April to the end of May, and measures, when its 
wings are spread, two and a half inches or more across. It 
is of a dull chocolate-brown color, the front wings becoming 
pale beyond the middle, and marked with dark brown as in 
the figure. The hind wings are yellow, with a broad brown 
border, breaking into a series of short lines as it approaches 
the body. The abdomen is furnished with tufts along the 
sides near the extremity, and when the insect is at rest is 
curved upwards. 

It is scarcely likely that it will ever prove destructive; 
should it at any time become so, it may be subdued by hand- 
picking. It is preyed upon by a small species of Ichneumon 
fly, which in the larval state lives within the body of the 
sphinx caterpillar and finally destroys it. 

No. 136.— The White-lined Deilephila. 

Dcilephila lineata (Fabv.). 

This handsome moth (see Fig. 264) is a comparatively 
common insect, and has a wide geographical range, being 
found throughout the greater portion of the United States 
and Canada, also in the AV^est Indies and in Mexico. It is 
double-brooded, appearing on the wing early in June, and 
again in September. Its period of activity begins with the 
twilight, when it may be seen flitting about with great rapidity, 
hovering like a humming-bird over flowers while extracting 
their nectar. The ground color of the fore wings is a rich 
greenish olive, with a pale-buff stripe or bar extending along 
the middle of the wing from the base to near the tip ; along 
the outer margin there is another band or stripe nearly equal 
in width and of a dull-gray color, and the veins are distinctly 
margined with white. The hind wings are small, and are 
crossed by a wide, rosy band, which covers a large portion of 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



255 



their surface, while above and below this band the color is 
almost black, the hinder margin being fringed with white. 
On the body there is a line of white on each side, extending 



Fig. 264. 




from the head to the base of the thorax, wiitre it unites with 
another line of tiie same color, which extends down the middle, 
and, dividing, sends a branch to each side. The abdomen is 



Fio. 265, 




greenish olive spotted with white and black; the wings, when ^ 
expanded, measure about three and a half inches across. 

The larva is found occasionally feeding on the leaves of the 
grape-vine, but more commonly on purslane; it feeds also on 
turnip, buckwheat, and apple leaves. It is very variable in 
color. The most connnon form is that shown in Fig. 265, 
where the body is yellowish green, with a row of prominent 



256 



JXSUCTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



spots along each side, each spot consisting of two curved black 
lines, enclosing a crimson patcii above and a pale-yellow line 
below, the whole being connected by a i)ale-yello\v stripe 
edged M'ith black. In some instances these spots are discon- 
nected, and the space between the black crescents is of a uni- 
form cream-color. The breathing-pores, lower down the side, 
are margined with black, or black edged with yellow. The 
other form of the caterpillar is black, with a yellow line down 

Fig. 266. 




the back, and a double series of yellow spots and dots along 
the sides. It is shown in Fig. 266. 

When mature, it buries itself under the surface, where, 
within a smooth cavity, it changes to a light-brown chrysalis, 
the moth emerging early in September, when it deposits eggs, 
from which the second brood of larvte are produced, which 
mature, enter tiie ground, and change to chrysalids before 
winter sets in. 

Since it feeds mainly on plants of little value, and on these 
in no great abundance, it is scarcely entitled to be classed with 
injurious insects; yet on account of its being found occasionally 
feeding on grape leaves it is deserving of mention here. A 
two-winged parasitic fly, a species of Tachina, infests it and 
destroys a large number of the larvre. 



No. 137. — The Dark-veined Deilephila. 

Deilephila chamcenerii Harris. 

This moth very closely i-esembles the white-lined Deile- 
phila, No. 136, as will be seen from Fig. 267. It has the 
same greenish-olive color, and almost the same stripes and 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



267 



markings; but there are differences wliieli will enable any one 
with ease to separate the two species. Lineata is much the 
larger insect, measuring, when its wings are spread, about three 
and a half" inches, while champencrii rarely exceeds two inches 
and three-qiarters. The central band on the fore wings in 
chamsenerii is wider and more irregular, the thorax also is less 
marked with white; but the most striking point of difference 
is that the veins of the fore wings in lineata are distinctly 
lined with white, a characteristic wanting in chamvenerii. 

The mature larva measures from two and a halt" to three 
inches in length. The head is small, dull red, with a black 

Fig. 207. 




stripe across the front at base. The body above is deep olive- 
green, with a polished surface ; there is a pale-yellowish line 
along the back, terminating at the base of the caudal horn, 
and on each segment, from the third to the twelfth inclusive, 
there is a pale-yellow spot on each side, about half-way 
between the dorsal line and the breathing-pores, largest on 
the segments from the sixth to the eleventh inclusive; the 
spot on the twelftii segment is elongated, and, extending 
upwards, terminates at the base of the horn. There is a wide 
but indistinct blackish band across the anterior part of each 
segment, in which the yellow spots are placed, and the sides 
of the body below the spots are thickly sprinkled with 
minute raised yellow dots. The horn is long, curved back- 
wards, red, tipped with black, and roughened on its surface; 

17 



258 JNSECIS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

the breathing-pores oval, yellow, and margined with dull 
black. Under surface pale pinkish green, feet black, prolegs 
pink, with a patch of black on the outside of each. 

This description of the larva was taken from three speci- 
mens found feeding on a grape-vine early in July. One of 
them matured and formed a slight cocoon of leaves fastened 
with silken threads on the surface of the ground, after the 
manner of the green grape-vine sphinx, No. 132; the other 
two died before completing their transformations. This larva 
is said to feed also on purslane ; it is not nearly so common 
as llneata, and is not likely ever to prove injurious to any 
considerable extent. 

No. 138. — The Beautiful Wood-nymph. 

Eudryas grata (Fabr.). 

The larva of this lovely moth is quite destructive to the 
foliage of the vine, upon which the moth itself is often found 
resting during the daytime, its closed wings forming a steep 
roof over its back, and its fore legs, which have a curious 
muff-like tuft of white hairs, protruded, giving the insect 
a very singular appearance. When its wings are expanded, 
they measure about an inch and three-quarters across. (See 
Fig. 268.) Its fore wings are creamy white, with a glossy 

surface; a wide brownish- 
purple stripe extends along 
the anterior margin, reach- 
ing from the base to a little 
beyond the middle of the 
wing, and on the outer mar- 
gin is a broad band of the 
same hue, widening poste- 
riorly, and having a wavy 
white line running through it, formed by minute pearly dots 
or scales, and a dull deep-green edging on its inner side. 
The brownish-jHirple band is continued along the hinder 
edge, but gradually becomes narrower, and terminates when 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



259 



near tlie base. There are also two brownish spots near the 
middle of the wing, one round, the other kidney-shaped ; 
these are sometimes so covered with pearly-white scales as to 
be indistinct above, but are clear and striking on the under 
side. The hind wings are deep yellow, with a broad brownish- 
purple band along the hinder margin, extending nearly to the 
outer angle, and powdered with a few pearly-white scales ; 
there is a faint dot on the middle of the wing, which is more 
prominent on the under side. The head is black, and there 
is a wide black stripe down the back, merging into a series 
of black spots extending to near the tip of the abdomen, 
which is tufted with white. The shoulder-covers are white, 
and the sides of the body deep yellow, with a row of black 
dots along each side close to the under surface. The wings 
beneath are reddish yellow, and the body white. The moth 
appears during the latter })art of June or early in July, and 
is active at night. 

The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves, singly or 
in small groups, and are among the prettiest of insect eggs ; 
they are circular and very fiat (see e and /, Fig. 269), about 
one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, and less than half of 
that in thickness. They 

are yellowish, or greenish ^^ "^^ 

yellow, and are beautifully 
sculptured with radiating 
ribs from a central round 
dot, the ribs interlaced with 
gracefully curving lines. 

On escaping from the 
egg, the young larvse are yellowish green, dotted with black ; 
they eat small holes in the leaves, and, when at rest, throw 
the hinder segments of the body forward over the anterior 
ones, making a curious sort of loop ; as they grow larger 
they devour all parts of the leaf, the framework as well as 
the softer substance. When mature, they are about an inch 
and a half long, and appear as shown at a in Fig. 269. The 




260 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

body tapers towards the head, and becomes thicker as it ap- 
proaches the posterior extremity; the head is orange, dotted 
with black, the body pale bluish, crossed by bands of orange 
and many lines of black. Each segment, except the head 
and the terminal one, is crossed by an orange band of nearly 
uniform width, except that on the twelfth segment, which is 
wider; on the terminal segment there are two bands. All 
these bands are dotted more or less with black, a single short 
brown hair arising from each dot. The number of black 
lines crossing each segment is usually six ; 6 shows one of the 
segments magnified ; at c the horny shield behind the head is 
shown ; and at d the hump towards the hinder extremity, 
all enlarged. The breathing-pores are oval and black. The 
under side is very similar to the upper. Although partial to 
the vine, it feeds also on the Virginia creeper, and occasionally 
on the hop. 

When full grown, which is usually some time during the 
month of August or early in September, the larva descends 
from the vine and seeks some suitable location in which to 
pass the chrysalis state. It frequently bores into decaying 
wood, and is fond of taking refuge in corn-cobs ; it is also 
said to burrow under ground sometimes. In confinement it 
bores readily into pieces of cork, excavating with its jaws a 
chamber but little larger than the chrysalis which is to rest 
in it, and when finished the chamber is provided with a cap 
or cover composed of minute fragments of cork united by a 
glutinous secretion. On lifting this lid, there will be seen a 
dark-brown chrysalis, about seven-tenths of an inch long. 
Sometimes the moth escapes from the chrysalis late in the 
same season, but commonly it remains in this condition until 
the following spring. 

This insect is subject to the attacks of a two-winged para- 
site, a species of Tachina, not unlike the common house-fly in 
appearance. (See Fig. 270, which shows the insect in its three 
stages of larva, chrysalis, and fly ; also the anterior segments 
of a caterpillar, with eggs in position.) This parasite is also 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



261 



Fio. 270. 




found on the army-worm and several other caterpillars. It 
is about a quarter of an inch long, with a white face, large, 
reddish eyes, a dark, hairy body, 
four dark lines down the thorax, 
and patches of a grayish shade 
along the sides of the abdomen. 
The parent fly deposits her eggs on 
the back of the caterpillar, usually 
a short distance behind the head, se- 
curely fastened by a glutinous sub- 
stance secreted with them. From 
these hatch tiny grubs, which eat their way into the body of 
the caterpillar, feed upon its substance, and finally destroy 
it, the grubs, when mature, escaping from the body of their 
victim and changing to oval, smooth, dark-brown chrysalids. 
Usually a large proportion of the caterpillars are infested by 
this friendly parasite ; otherwise they would soon become a 
source of much annoyance to grape-growers. 

Where artificial remedies are required, the vines may be 
syringed with hellebore and water or Paris-green and water, 
as directed for the larva of I^o. 140. Hand-picking may 
also be resorted to. 



No. 139.— The Pearl Wood-nymph. 

Eudri/as unio (Hlibner). 

This is a very near relative of Eudryas grata, No. 138, 
and so closely do the two species resemble each other in the 
larval condition that it is difficult to distinguish between them. 
Unio has usually been regarded as a grape-feeding insect, but 
from recent observations of Mr. Lintner, of Albany, New 
York, who has found and reared the larva on an entirely differ- 
ent plant, Euphorh'ia coloratum, it is possible that it may not 
feed on the grape-vine at all, and that Dr. Fitch, who first an- 
nounced this as its food-plant, may have mistaken the larva 
of E. grata for unio. Since there seems to be some doubt 
about the matter, we shall briefly describe the insect here. 




262 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

The moth (Fig. 271) is a little smaller than grata, meas- 
uring, when expanded, about one inch and three-eighths. 

It differs also in the following par- 
_ ticalars : on the fore wings the 
brownish-purple stripe on the front 
margin is extended farther along 
the wing, the bordering of the outer 
margin is paler and more uniform in 
width, the inner edge is wavy instead 
of straight, and the bordering of the hind margin is wider and 
more distinct. The border on the hind wings is much paler, 
and extends the whole length of the outer margin. 

The larva is nearly an inch and a quarter long. The head 
is of an orange color, spotted with black, the body banded 
with white, black, and orange, most of the segments having 
thi^ee white and three black lines on each side of a central 
orange band. The body tapers towards the head, the hinder 
segments being elevated. 

The chrysalis is reddish brown, with rows of very minute 
teeth on the back, and a thick, blnnt spine on each side of 
the abdomen at the tip. 

No. 140.— The Eight-spotted Forester. 

Alypia octomaculata (Fabr.). 

While the moth of this species is very different in appear- 
ance from Nos. 138 and 139, the larva is very similar, being 
white or pale bluish, with many black lines, and an orange 
band across each segment. This larva (Fig. 272, a) may, 
however, be distinguished by its having eight black lines on 
each segment (counting the two which border the orange band) 
(see 6, Fig. 272) instead of six; it lias also a series of white 
spots along each side close to the under surface. The orange 
bands are fainter on the anterior segments, and those on the 
middle segments are dotted, with black, and from each of 
these dots there arises a short whitish hair. The head and 
the upper part of the next segment are of a deep orange, 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



263 




with black dots and a polished surface. When young, the 
larva is paler, with less distinct markings ; it feeds on the 
under side of the leaf, and 
when alarmed can let itself ^if"'- 272 

down to the ground by a silken 
thread, regaining its position 
by the same thread when the 
danger is past. When nearly 
full grown, it sometimes con- 
ceals itself during the daytime 
within a folded leaf. 

Before effecting its next 
change, it moulds for itself an 
earthen cell, upon or just below 
the surface, which is not lined 

with silk, and within this enclosure is transformed into a 
brown chrysalis, from which, in the early brood, the moth 
escapes in a few days. There are usually two broods each 
year, the moths appearing on the wing in May and August, 
the caterpillars in June and July and in September. 

The moth is shown ate in tiie figure. It is a very beautiful 
creature, of a deep blue-black color, with two large pale-yellow 
spots on each of the front wings, and two white spots on each 
of the hind wings. In the figure the female moth is repre- 
sented ; the male has the spots on the wings proportionately 
larger, and a conspicuous white mark along the tip of the 
abdomen. The shoulder-covers are yellow, and the legs partly 
orange. The wings, when spread, measure from an inch to 
an inch and a quarter or more across. 

This insect is very generally distributed, being found in 
most portions of the United States and Canada. Where the 
larva ])roves destructive, it may be subdued by syringing the 
foliage with Paris-green and water, in the proportion of a 
teaspoonful to two gallons, or powdered hellebore and water, 
in the proportion of one ounce to two gallons. 



264 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



Fig. 273. 




No. 141. — The Grape-vine Epimenis. 

Psj/comoiyha epimenis (Drury). 

There is still another grape-feeding insect which, in the cat- 
erpillar state, bears a strong general resemblance to Nos. 138 
and 139. The larva (Fig. 273, a) in this species is smaller, of 

a blnish-white color, with 
four transverse black bands 
on each segment, as shown 
at 6 in the figure, and a few 
black dots, but lacks the 
orange bands which dis- 
tinguish the three species last described. The shield behind 
the head, the hump on the twelfth segment, and the anal plate 
are of a dull-orange color ; the dots on the hump are arranged 
as shown at c in the figure. The young larva attacks the ter- 
minal buds of the vine in spring, fastening the young leaves 
by a few silken threads, and secreting itself within the en- 
closure. When full grown, Mdiich is usually towards the end 
of May, it bores into soft wood or any other suitable sub- 
stance, and there changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis, about 
four-tenths of an inch long, roughened on the joints, and 
having a curious, flattened, horny projection on each side of 
the tip. "Within this enclosure it remains until the following 
Sj>ring, when the perfect insect escapes. 

The moth (Fig. 274) is of a velvety-black color, with a 
broad, irregular, white patch extending nearly across the front 
wings, and a somewhat larger and more 
regularly formed spot of a dull orange-red 
across the hind wings. The wings are also 
sprinkled with brilliant purplish scales, 
most numerous along the outer margins, 
where they form a narrow band. The 
under side is paler, with similar markings, the purplish scales 
appearing very distinct on the front and posterior margins of 
tlie hinder wings. The antennre of the male are toothed^ 



Fig. 274. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



265 



those of the female thread-like. Fig. 274 represents the male. 
Should this insect ever prove destructive, it may be subdued 
by tlie treatment recommended for No. 140, tlie species last 
described. 

No. 142. — The American Proeris. 

Procris Americana Harris. 

The larvse of this destructive insect feed in flocks, arranged 
in a single row on the under side of the vine leaves, as shown 
in Fig. 275. The egg-clusters from which these larvse pro- 
ceed, consisting of 
twen ty eggs or more, 
are fastened by the 
moth to the under 
side of the leaves. 
While young, the 
little caterpillars eat 
only the soft tissues 
of the leaves, leavi ng 
the fine net- work of 
veins untouched, as 
shown on the right 
of the figure, but 
as they grow older 
they devour all but 
the larger veins, as 
shown on the oppo- 
site side. They acquire full growth in August, when they 
measure about six-tenthsof an inch in length, are of a yellow 
color, slightly hairy (see Fig. 276, a), with a transverse row 
of black spots on each segment ; they feed with their heads 
towards the margin, and gradually retreat as the leaf is de- 
voured. When full grown, they disperse, and, retiring to 
some sheltered spot or crevice, construct their tough, oblong- 
oval cocoons, one of which is shown at c in the figure, within 
which in about three days they change to shining brown chrys- 
alids (6) about three-tenths of an inch long, from wiiich the 




266 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 




moths escape in about ten or twelve days, and soon deposit 
eggs for the second brood, which mature later in the season. 

Some few of them produce 
■^^^- ^"'^- moths before winter ap- 

proaches, but the greater })or- 
tion remain in tlie chrysalis 
condition during the winter, 
the moths escaping the fol- 
lowing June. 

The moth is of a blue- 
black color, with an orange- 
yellow collar, and a notched 
tuft at the extremity of the body ; the wings are very narrow, 
and when expanded measure nearly an inch across. In Fig. 
276, e represents the moth ^\•ith the wings spread, d the same 
with the wings closed. This insect is more common in the West 
and South than in the East, and is sometimes very injurious. 
They may be destroyed by syringing the vines with Paris- 
green and water, as recommended for No. 140. There is a 
small parasite, a black, four-winged fly, which attacks this 
larva and destroys it. 

No. 143. — The Grape-vine Leaf-roller. 

Dcsmia maculalis Westwood. 

This insect, although most abundant in the Southern States, 
is very generally distributed, and will, no doubt, in its cater- 
pillar form be familiar to most grape-growers. In Fig. 277, 
1 represents the larva, natural size, 2 a magnified view of a 
portion of the anterior part of its body, 3 the chrysalis, 4 the 
male moth, 5 the female moth. 

The moth is a very pretty little creature, measuring, when 
its wings are expanded, about nine- tenths of an inch or more 
across. The wings are dark brown, nearly black, with a 
coppery lustre, and lightly fringed with white ; the fore wings 
have two white spots, nearly oval in form, the hind wings but 
one white spot in the male, which is usually divided, forming 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



267 



two, in the female. The body is black, crossed in the female 
by two white bands, in the male by one only. The male 
moth has the antennae elbowed and thickened near the middle, 
in the female they are uniform and thread-liUe. 



Fig. 277. 




There are two broods of the insect during the summer. 
The first moths, which have passed the winter in the chrysalis 
state, apjiear early in June, and deposit their eggs singly on 
the leaves of the vine, which are soon hatched, the young 
worm at once manifesting its lea^-folding propensities by 
turning down a small portion of the leaf on which it is placed 
and living within the tube thus formed. As it increases in 
size, a larger case is made, often the whole leaf being rolled 
into a large cylinder, wider at one end than at the other, and 
firmly fastened with stout silken threads. In this hiding- 
place the little active wriggling creature lives in comparative 
safety, issuing from it to feed on the surrounding foliage. It 
is so very rapid in its movements, both backwards and for- 
wards, that it frequently escapes detection by suddenly slipping 
out of its case when disturbed and falling to the ground. 
The length of the full-grown caterpillar is about three- 
quarters of an inch ; the body is yellowish green at the sides, 
a little darker above, glossy and semi-transparent, with a few 
fine yellow hairs on each segment. The head is reddish 
yellow, and the next segment behind it has a crescent-shaped 
patch above of the same color; on the third segment there 
are two or three black spots on each side, and on the twelfth 



8(\siiU(M\l o\u\ The lir--l hioo.l ol' cnlrritillMrs mih^ lull m'ow n 
nlionl llic Insl of .Inly, wIumi tliov rh:inm' (n clirysalids, iVoni 
which (ho niolhs osc.ipo (>;»rly in AiiirnsI ; iho soroiul 1)V(>(m1 
o\' liwviv iwo loimd on (h(> vinos in ScpliMulior. 

rh(> ohrvsjilis [l\, V'l^. 277) is aluMil h;\ir :m iiu'h huig Miul 
t>l .1 <l;U'lv-lu"o\VM odhti". It is nsii;\lly lorniotl within i\w 
l'(i|ih>(l Io!\l'; honoo (ho l;»s( luDod wliioh pMss iho winlor in 
(his inaolivo .s()i(o may, in a iriv!i( nioasnro, iHMhvstioyi'iI by 
oarofully going- ovor (ho vinoyard h»(o in (ho soason, boCoro 
(ho loMVos (all, and pioUing olV tho fohlod loavos and hnrning 
(hoin ; or (ho Inivio miiv ho dostrovod o.Mvlior in (ho soason by 
ornsjiing (ho Coldod loavos, (aking oan' (hM( (ho ao(iv<' ooon- 
|)an(s do no( (>soa|)(\ Aldmngh (his insoo( is nsnally oonnnon, 
it is 8oldon< \ or\ d<>s(rno(ivo an\ whoro. 

No. M'i,— The Gartered Plume-moth. 
(h'tipfilus pcnsccUdiictffhii) ^Fitoll ). 

Tho laniily of nu»(hs (owhioh (his insoot bolongs ai'o oaliod 
pbnno-inoliis, (Vom (Ikmv having (ho wings divido<l in(o ("oadior- 
liki^ lobos. 

rho Iiirva (Fig. 278, a) appoars on (lu^ grapo vinivs in spring, 
as ^oon as tho yontig foHago has laivly s(ar(od, (as(oning tho 
(orniinal loav(\s in((> a sphorioal ("onn. and living widiin (ho 
onolosnro. when" it ('oods o\\ (ho ((Midor Icavos ;nid \onng 
bnnohos o( l>lossoni. It is nsnally soiitaiy in i(s habits, 
bnt son\otiinos (wo or (hroo aro (onnd (og<>(hor. Whon ('nil 
griMvn. whioh is nsnally oarlv in .Inno. it is abont halt an inch 
long, and is o(" a yollowish-groon oolor, with tninsvorso rows 
o(' dnll-yt>llow tnborolos, iVoni oaoh <»(' whioh aris(>s a small 
(nt't ot' whito hairs. Thoro is a lini^ down (ho baoU t>i' ii 
doopor groou, atid (In^ body is palor biMwoon (ho sognuatts. 
Tho liiMid is small, yollowish groon, with a band i>(' blaok 
aorixss tiio front; foot blaok, tipped with palo git>(Mi ; tho pro- 
logs, whioh aro long and thin, aro groonish. \\ hon niatnr(>d. 
it spit\s a (Vw silkon (hroads on (ho nndor .-ido ot' .a loal', or 
in some other oi>nvo>iien( spot, .and, having entangled its hind 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



269 



Fig. 278. 



legs firmly in the web of silk, sheds its hairy skin and be- 
comes a chrysalis. 

An odd-looking little thing it is (see Fig. 278, 6), about 
four- tenths of an inch long, angular and rugged, and when 
touched it wriggles about very 
briskly. It has two rather long, 
compressed horns placed side by 
side, extending upwards, on the 
middle of its back ; one of these 
is shown, enlarged, at c; it has also 
other smaller projecting points and 
ridges. At first its color is pale 
yellowish green, but it soon grows 
darker, becoming reddish brown, 
with darker spots. It remains in 
this condition from one to two 
weeks, when the perfect insect 
appears. 

The moth, which is shown in 
the figure at d, is an elegant little 
insect, its wings measuring, when 
expanded, about seven-tenths of an 
inch across. The fore wings are long and narrow, and cleft 
down the middle about half-way to their base, the posterior 
half of the wing having a notch in the outer margin. Their 
color is yellowish brown, witli a metallic lustre, and several 
dull-whitish streaks and spots. The hind wings are similar 
in color to the anterior pair, and are divided into three lobes ; 
the lower division is complete, extending to the base, tiie 
upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance. The 
outer and hind margins of the wings, as well as all the edges of 
their lobes, are bordered with a deep whitish fringe, sprinkled 
here and there with brown ; the body is long and slender, 
and a little darker than the wings. The antennae are moder- 
ately long and thread-like, nearly black, but beautifully dotted 
with white throughout their whole length. The legs are long. 




270 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

banded alternately with yellowish brown and white, the hind 
ones ornamented with two pairs of diverging spines, having 
at their base a garter-like tuft of long brown scales, from 
which feature the moth derives its name. 

This insect is single-brooded ; it is common throughout On- 
tario and Quebec. Where troublesome, it may be subdued by 
hand-picking, or by pinching the clusters of leaves and crushing 

tiie lS,rv8e. 

No. 145. — The Grape-vine Cidaria. 

Cidaria diver silineata Hlibn. 
This is a pretty yellow moth, producing a geometric or 
looping caterpillar which consumes the foliage of the vine. 
The insect passes the winter in the caterpillar state, hiber- 
nating in some secure retreat until aroused to activity by the 
warmth of spring, when, after feeding a few days on the 
young vine leaves, it becomes a chrysalis, producing the moth 
about ten days afterwards. The moths within a few days 
deposit their eggs on tiie leaves of the vine, which hatch early 
in June, and the larvae nearly complete their growth by the 
end of the month, pass into the chrysalis state, and appear as 
moths again in July and August. These latter deposit eggs 
for tiie second brood of larvae, which, before reaching maturity, 
become torpid, and remain in this condition until spring. 

The moth (Fig. 279) measures, when its wings are ex- 
panded, about an inch and a half across. Its color is pale 
ochre-yellow, crossed by many grayish-brown lines, and clouded 

with patches of the same, par- 
FiG. 279. ticularly along the margin of the 

wings. The body and legs are 
similar in color to the wings, the 
latter being marked with black 
about the joints. 

Early in June the reddish 
geometric caterpillars of this moth are found upon the leaves, 
out of which they eat numerous pieces of various sizes and 
shapes. By the niiddle of the month they become full 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 271 

grown, when they measure about an inch and a quarter 
long. (See Fig. 280.) The head is dull reddish brown, the 
body yellowish green, with a few 
small whitish dots on each segment. Fig. 280. 

On each side of the second segment -i^^^^v 

is a small reddish spot, and on the ^ v\w»-^ =^ 
third a larger one of a darker shade ; 

on this latter segment there is a fold in the skin, which makes 
the spot appear as a brown prominence. The terminal seg- 
ment is furnished witii two short, greenish spines, which 
extend backwards ; the surface of the body is wrinkled ; the 
under surface reddish, with a central reddish line, bordered 
with white, which is margined with dull red. These larvfe 
are very variable in color, being sometimes yellowish green, 
whitish green, deep red, and occasionally dark brown, nearly 
black. When alarmed, they straighten themselves out, and 
remain for some time without moving, when, being so nearly 
of the color of the twigs they rest on, they usually escape 
detection. 

Where these larvse are sufficiently numerous to prove 
troublesome, tiie vines may be syringed with Paris-green and 
water, or hellebore and water, as recommended for No. 140. 

No. 146.— The Yellow Woolly-bear. 

Spilosoma Virginica (Fabr.). 

This common caterpillar is so well known that it is scarcely 
necessary to describe it. Every one who has a garden in 
which fruits or flowers are grown must have frequently met 
with it, for no insect is so uniformly common and troublesome 
as this one. It seems to have a special liking for the leaves 
of the grape-vine, but it feeds also on the leaves of a great 
variety of plants, shrubs, and trees. 

The moth from which the larva is produced is shown at c, 
Fig. 281, and is commonly known as the " white miller." 
It passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and appears on the 
wing late in April or early in May, and, when its wings are 



272 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



expanded, measures from one and a half to two inches across. 
The figure represents a female ; the males are somewhat 
smaller. Both sexes have the wings white, with a few black 
dots, which vary in number in different specimens ; in some 
there are two on each of the front wings, and three on each 
of the hinder pair; in others the spots are partly or almost 
entirely wanting. The dot, however, near the middle of the 
front wings is almost always present, although sometimes 
very faint. The uuder side usually has the spots more dis- 

FiG. 281. 




tinct than the upper, and sometimes there is a slight tinge of 
yellow over its white surface. The antennae are white above, 
dark brown below, the head and thorax white, and the ab- 
domen of an orange color, usually streaked across with white, 
and having three rows of black spots, one above and one on 
each side. The under side of the abdomen is white, occa- 
sionally tinged with orange, and the thighs of the fore legs 
ochre-yellow. 

The eggs, which are round and yellow, are deposited on the 
under side of the leaves in large clusters, and in a few days 
hatch into small hairy caterpillars, which feed for a time in 
company, devouring at this tender age the under side of the 
leaf only, the outer skin over the eaten part soon becoming 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



273 



yellow and withered. When partly grown, they separate, 
each one choosing his own course, and by this time their 
digestive powers have become sufficiently strong to enable 
them to eat freely of all parts of the leaf. 

The full-grown caterpillar (Fig. 281, a) is nearly two 
inches long, and usually of a yellowish color, but the color 
varies greatly, and in the same brood there may be found 
with the yellow some straw-colored and others brown, from 
a light to a very dark shade. On each segment there are a 
number of yellowish tubercles, from each of which there arises 
a tuft of hairs of a yellowish or brownish color, sometimes 
intermingled with a few black ones. The spaces between the 
segments are crossed by dark-brownish or sometimes black 
lines, and there is a line of the same color along each side; 
the under surface of the body is dark also. When mature, 
it seeks some sheltered nook or cranny in which to pass the 
chrysalis state, and, having found a suitable location, proceeds 
to divest its body of the hairy covering, and with this woven 
together by silken threads it constructs a slight cocoon, within 
which the chrysalis is formed, of a chestnut-brown color, as 
shown at 6 in the figure. There 
are at least two broods of this 
insect each year, and these 
broods so intermingle that the 
insect may almost always be 
found in one or other of its 
stages from May to October. 

This species is subject to the 
attack of several kinds of Ich- 
neumon flies, which destroy im- 
mense numbers of them every 
year ; one of these, Ophion bi- 
llneatiis Say, is represented in Fig. 282. Were it not for 
these friendly agencies constantly at work the common woolly- 
bears would soon become very destructive. As it is, they are 
sometimes very injurious; when this is the case, hand-picking 

18 



Fig. 282. 





274 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

should be resorted to, and if tliis is done while the larvae are- 
young and feeding in company, their destruction is easily 
accomplished. 

No. 147. — The Pyramidal Grape-vine Caterpillar 

Fyropliila pijramidoides (Giion.). 

This caterpillar (Fig. 283) is frequently destructive to 
grape-vines, particularly to those grown under glass, and may 
be found on the leaves full grown about the middle of June. 

It is nearly an inch 
^^«- 283- and a half long, the 

body tapering to- 
wards the front, and 
thickened behind. 
The head is rather 
small, of a whitish- 
green color, with the mandibles tipped with black ; the body 
whitish green, a little darker on the sides, with a white strij)e 
down the back, a little broken between the segments or rings, 
and widening behind. There is a bright-yellow stripe on 
each side close to the under surface, which is most distinct on 
the hinder segments, and a second one of the same color, but 
fainter, half-way between this and the dorsal line ; this latter 
is more distinct on the posterior portion of the body, and 
follows the peculiar prominence on the twelfth segment, as 
shown in the figure. The under side of the body is pale 
green. 

When full grown, the caterpillar descends to the ground, 
and, drawing together some loose fallen leaves or other 
rubbish, spins a slight cocoon, within which it changes to a 
dark-brown chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes 
in the latter part of July. 

The moth (Fig. 284) measures, when its wings are expanded, 
about one and three-quarter inches. The fore wings are dark 
brown shaded with paler brown and with dots and wavy lines 
of dull Mdiite; the hind wings are reddish, with a coppery 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



275 




lustre, becoming brown on the outer augle ot" the front edge 

of the wing, and paler towards the hinder and inner angle. 

The under surface of the 

Fig. 284. 
Wings IS much paler than 

the upper. The body is dark 
brown, its hinder portion 
banded witii lines of a paler 
hue. 

While partial to the grape, 
the larva feeds also on thorn, 
plum, raspberry, red-bud, 
Cercis Canadensis, poplar, and probably other trees, shrubs, 
etc. Tiie insect is distributed over a wide area. Where they 
are numerous enough to prove troublesome, they may be col- 
lected and destroyed by jarring the trees or vines on which 
they are feeding, when they will drop to the ground. 

No. 148.— The Silky Pyrophila. 

PyropMla tragopoginis (Linn.). 

The caterpillar of this moth is of a yellowish-green color, 
with a few very fine brownish hairs scattered over the upper 
surface of its body. It is found feeding on the grape-vine, 
and sometimes in sufficient numbers to become a source of 
annoyance; it attains full growth about the middle of June, 
when it raeasqres an inch and a quarter or more in length. 
The head is small, green, the jaws tipped with brown ; the 
upper surface of the body is yellowish green, a little i)aler be- 
tween the joints ; there is a white stripe down the back, and 
two of the same color alons; each side, the lowest one being: 
most distinct. On each segment there are several small 
whitish dots, from each of which arises a single fine liair. 
The under side is deeper in color than the upper. When 
mature, it changes to a brown chrysalis, a little under the 
surface of the ground, from which the perfect insect escapes 
in July. 

The moth measures, when its wings are spread, about an 



276 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



inch and a quarter across. Its fore wiugs are grayish brown 
with a silky lustre, with several pale clots on the front edge, 
and three short dark streaks near the middle. The hind 
wings are paler. 

When found to be injurious, the caterpillars may be subdued 
by hand-picking. 

No. 149.— The Spotted Pelidnota. 

Feliclnota 'piinctata (Linn.). 

This enemy to the grape-vine is a large and handsome 
beetle (Fig. 285, c), which eats the leaves, making numerous 

Fig. 285. 




holes in them. It measures about an inch in length and half 
an inch in width at its widest part, is nearly oval in form, of 
a dull reddish-yellow color, with a polished surface, and three 
black spots on the outer side of each wing-cover. The tho- 
rax, which is rather darker than the wing- covers, is slightly 
bronzed, and has a small black dot on each side; the jaws and 
hinder part of the head are black, so also is the scutellum, a 
small, nearly triangular piece at the jwiut of juncture of the 
wing-covers with the thorax. The transparent, gauzy wings, 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 217 

which are concealed under the wing-cases when not in use, are 
dark brown. The under side of the beetle is (kirk green, with 
a metallic lustre, downy about the middle, with fine brownish 
hairs. Legs, dark shining green. It appears during July 
and August, and is active during the day, flying from vine to 
vine with a heavy, awkward flight and a loud, buzzing noise. 
The female deposits her eggs in rotten wood, on which tiie 
larva, when hatched, feeds ; the decaying stumps and exposed 
decaying roots of pear, hickory, and other trees being selected 
for this purpose. 

Wheu full growu, the larva measures uearly two inches iu 
length, and presents the appearance shown at a in the figure. 
It has a chestnut-brown head and a translucent, white body, 
and much resembles the larva of the May-beetle, No. 113, 
but is of a clearer white color, and has a heart-siiaped swelling 
on the terminal segment, which is siiort and cut off squarely. 
A front view of the markings on this segment is given at d 
in the figure. When mature, it forms a slight cocoon, into 
which are woven its own castings mixed with particles of the 
surrounding wood, and within this it changes to a chrysalis, 
as seen at 6, from which the beetle escapes about ten days 
afterwards; e represents the antenna of the larva, and /one 
of its legs, both magnified. 

This insect is common throughout the Eastern and Western 
States and the central portions of Canada. Should it at any 
time prove injurious, it can easily be reduced in numbers by 
hand-picking. It feeds also on the Virginia creeper, Ampe- 
lopsis quinquefolia. 

No. 150. — The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. 

Graptodera chalyhea (lUig.). 

This pretty but destructive little beetle (see Fig. 286) 
forces itself upon the attention of grape-growers very prom- 
inently in the spring season, when, awakened by the reviving 
warmth of the sun from its winter state of torpidity, and 
with appetite sharpened by its long fast, it commences its work 



278 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



of destruction by eating away the substance of tlie buds as 
soon as they begin to swell, thus destroying many bunches of 



Fig. 286. 



Fig. 287. 





grapes in embryo. It goes 
on with this work for about 
a month, when it gradually 
di.sappears. Before leaving, 
however, the beetle provides 
for the continuance of its 
race by depositing little 
clusters of orange-colored 
eggs on the under side of 
the young vine leaves, which 
in a few days produce colo- 
nies of small, dark-brown 
larvse, which feed on the 
upper side of the leaves, 
riddling them, and when 
numerous they devour the 
whole leaf except the larger 
veins, and sometimes en- 
tirely strip the vines of foli- 
age. Fig. 287 represents 
the larvse in various stages 
of growth at work on the vine, accompanied also by some 
of the beetles. 

In three or four weeks the larva attains fidl growth, when 
it is a little more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 279 

of a light-brown color, sometimes dark, and occasionally paler 
and yellowish. The head is black, and there are six or eight 
shining black dots on each of" the other segments of the body, 
each dot emitting a single brownish hair. The under surface 
is paler than the upper, its feet, six in number, are black, and 
there is a fleshy, orange-colored proleg on the terminal seg- 
ment. It is shown magnified in Fig. 288. 

When mature, the larvpe leave the vines and descend to the 
ground, where they burrow under the earth and form small, 

smooth, oval cells, within which they change to 

. . . . Fig 28'!. 

dark-yellowish chrysalids. After remaining two 

or three weeks in this condition, the beetles issue 
from them, and the work of destruction goes on ; t 
but since they live at this season of the year alto- 
gether on leaves, of which there is an abundance, 
the injury done is much less than in the spring. 

The beetle is about three-twentieths of an inch 
long, and varies in color from a polished steel-blue 
to green, and occasionally to a purplish hue, with 
a transverse depression across the hinder part of the thorax. 
The under side is dark green, the antennae and feet brownish 
black ; the thighs are stout and robust, by means of which 
the insect is able to jump about very nimbly. One of the 
legs, detached from the body, is shown in Fig. 286. On the 
approach of winter the beetles retire to some suitable shelter, 
as under leaves, pieces of bark, or in the earth immediately 
around the roots of the vines, where they remain inactive 
until the following spring. Besides the vine, they feed on the 
Virginia creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, and the alder, Alnus 
serrulata, and sometimes eat the leaves of the plum-tree. 

Remedies. — To destroy the beetles it is recommended to 
strew in the autumn air-slaked lime or unleached ashes 
around the infested vines, removing and destroying all rub- 
bish which might afford shelter. In the spring the canes and 
young foliage may be syringed with water in which has been 
stirred a teaspoonful of Paris-green to each gallon. Strono- 





280 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

soap-suds have also been recommended, and are deserving of 
trial. On chilly mornings the beetles are comparatively slug- 
gish and inactive, and may then be jarred from the vines on 
sheets and collected and destroyed. These insects are much 
more abundant in some seasons than in others. 

No. 161.— The Rose Beetle. 

Macrodactylus subspinostis (Fabr.). 

This beetle, commonly known as the rose-bug, attacks the 

rose, and is also very injurious to the grape-vine, the apple, 

cherry, peach, plum, etc. Its body (see Fig. 289) is a little 

more than one-third of an inch Ions; slender, and 
Fig. 289. . ,. , , , ? -r i 

tapermg a little towards each extremity, its color 

is dull yellowish when fresh, arising from its being 

covered with a grayish-yellow down or bloom, and 

its long, sprawling legs are of a dull pale-reddish 

hue, with the joints of the feet tipped with black and 

armed with very long claws. The down on the body of the 

beetle is easily rubbed off, producing quite a change in its 

appearance, the head, thorax, and the under side of its body 

becoming of a shining black. 

These beetles sometimes appear in swarms about the time 

of the blossoming of the rose, which in the Northern Uin'ted 

States and Canada is usually during the second week in June; 

they remain about a month, at the end of which period the 

males become exhau.'^ted, drop to the ground, and perish, 

while the females burrow under the surface, deposit their 

eggs, then reappear above ground, and shortly afterwards die 

also. 

Each female lays about thirty eggs, which arc buried in 

the earth to the depth of from one to four inches ; the eggs 

are about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, whitish, and 

nearly globular. In about three weeks they hatch, and the 

young larvse at once begin to feed on such tender roots as are 

within their reach. They attain full growth in the autumn, 

when they are about three-quarters of an inch long and about 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 281 

an eiglitli of an incli in diameter, of a yellowish-wliite color, 
witli a tinge of blue towards the hinder extremity, which is 
thick, obtuse, and rounded ; tiie head is pale red and horny, 
and there are a few short hairs scattered over the surface of 
the body. In October the larva descends below the reach of 
frost, and passes the winter in a torpid state; in the spring it 
approaches the surface and forms for itself a little oval cell 
of earth, within which it is transformed to a pupa during the 
nionth of May. 

In form the pupa bears some resemblance to the perfect 
insect, and is of a yellowish-white color, its whole body being 
enclosed in a thin film that wraps each part separately. In 
June this filmy skin is rent, when the enclosed beetle with- 
draws its body and limbs, bursts open its earthen cell, and 
forces its way to the surface of the ground, thus completing 
its various stages within the space of one year. 

Although these insects have many natural foes, such as 
carnivorous ground-beetles, insectivorous birds, domestic 
fowls, toads, etc., they often need the intervening hand of 
man to keep them within due bounds. When numerous, 
they may be detached from the vines with a sudden and 
violent jar, falling on sheets spread below to receive them. 
Tliey are naturally sluggish, do not fly readily, and are fond 
of congregating in masses on the foliage they are consuming, 
and hence in the morning, before the day becomes warm, they 
can be easily shaken from their resting-places, collected, and 
burnt, crushed, or thrown into scalding water. This insect 
is very partial to the Clinton grape, and, where this is to be 
had, will congregate on it in preference to other varieties, a 
peculiarity which may be made use of by planting Clinton 
vines as a decoy, and thus materially lessening the laboi- 
involved in the destruction of the beetles. 




282 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

No. 152. — The Grape-vine Fidia. 

Fidia longipes (Mcls.). 

This enemy to the grape-vine is a chestnut-brown beetle 
(see Fig. 290), about a quarter of an inch long, with its body 
densely covered with very short whitish hairs, which give it 
a lioary appearance. It is first seen in June, and by the end 
Fir '^90 ^^ J^i^y li^s usually disappeared. Its mode of 
operation is to cut straight, elongated holes 
about one-eighth of an inch in diameter in the 
leaves, and when the insects are numerous these 
are so thickly perforated as to be reduced to 
mere shreds. This is said to be one of the 
worst foes the grape-grower has to contend with 
in Missouri and Kentucky, where at times it literally swarms, 
and then almost entirely destroys the foliage of large vine- 
yards. It is a native insect, found in the woods feeding on 
the wild grape, also on the red-l)ud, Cercls Canadensis ; of 
the vines in cultivation it is said to prefer the Concord and 
Norton's Virginia. Upon the slightest disturbance, or when 
danger threatens, it has the habit of doubling up its legs and 
falling to the ground, where for a time it remains motionless, 
feigning death in the same manner as the plum curculio. 
Advantage may be taken of this habit, and the insects col- 
lected by placing sheets under the vines and jarring them 
with the hand. The grape-vine Fidia belongs to the great 
family Chrysomelidse, which includes the grape-vine flea- 
beetle, the potato-beetle, and many other injurious species. 
Of the early stages of this insect nothing is yet known. 

N"o. 153. — The Grape-vine Colaspis. 
Colaspis brunnea Fabr. 

This beetle also belongs to the Chrysomelidse, and injures 
the vine leaves in a manner similar to that of the species last 
described, riddling them witii small round holes, int*spersed 
with larger irregular ones, in a wholesale manner. It is 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



283 




nearly one-fifth of an ineli long (see Fig. 291), of a pale- 
vellowish color, with the body densely punctated, and with 
elevated lines on the wing- 
covers between the rows 
of dots. It is found in 
most of the Eastern and 
Middle States, and de- 
vours also tiie leave-; of 
the sti'awberry ; it appears 
early in July and during August. 

Tiie eggs are deposited either upon or in 
close proximity to strawberry-plants, and 
when hatched the young larvae burrow into 
the earth and feed upon the roots of the 
strawberry-vines, on which they may be found all through 
the fall, winter, and spring months. It is a singular larva, 
shown magnified in Fig. 292, and has on the under side 
of each of the legless joints a pair of fleshy projections re- 
minding one of legs, each tipped with two or three stiff 
hairs. Its body is yellowish or grayish white, with a yel- 
low head. The pupa is formed in the earth during the 
month of June, the perfect insect maturing two or three 
weeks afterwards. 

Remedies. — The beetles may be collected by jarring them 
from the vines on sheets early in the morning, and destroyed. 
Ashes, soot, or lime applied to the strawberry-vines will in 
most instances deter the beetles from depositing their eggs 
on them, or will destroy the young larvae as soon as hatched. 



No. 154. — The Red-headed Systena. 

Sijstena frontalis (Fabr.). 

This insect belongs also to the Ckrysomelidse, and, although 
very generally distributed throughout the northern portions 
of America, has not until of late been recorded as injurious. 
During the summer of 1882, in some parts of the Province 
of Ontario, it inflicted much injury on the vines by devour- 



284 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

iug the green tissues on the upper side of the leaves, causing 

them to discolor and eventually to wither. This insect is 

furnished with stout thighs, which enable it to 

Fio. 293. jump like the flea-beetle of the vine, to which 

^^~~'^r~'^'-y^ 't is closely allied. The beetle (Fig. 293) 

MZK^ is about one-sixth of an inch in length, the 

f\ : iV thorax and wing-cases black and densely but 

fl 1 A very finely punctated. The head is pale red 

' ^ above, between the eyes ; the antennae are 

$^ rather long and reddish, with the basal joint 

^^ black. The under side is brownish black. The 

legs are well adapted for jumping, the thighs being thick 

and robust. 

No. 155. — The Light-loving Anomala. 

Anomala lucicola (Fabr.). 

This insect is a beetle about one-third of an inch long (see 
Fig. 294), in form resembling the May-beetle, No. 113, which 
appears late in June or early in July. It is common on both 
the wild and the cultivated grape-vine, feeding upon 
Fig. 294. the leaves. The beetle is of a pale dull-yellow^ color, 
the thorax black, margined with dull yellow, the 
hind part of the head and the under side of the 
body also black ; sometimes the abdomen is brown. 
These beetles occasionally appear in swarms, when 
they devour the foliage very rapidly, the vine leaves soon 
resembling a piece of net- work, only the large veins, with 
some of the smaller ones, being left. 

Remedies. — Dusting the vines with fresh air-slaked lime, 
or syringing them with a solution of whale-oil soap or strong 
tobacco-water, has been recommended. Probably hellebore 
or Paris-green with water, as recommended for No. 140, 
would be more effectual. 




ATTACK! AG THE LEAVES. 



285 



Fig. 295. 




No. 156. — The Grape-vine Saw-fly. 

Selaiidria vitis Harris. 

This is a small four-winged fly (Fig. 295), with a shining 
black body, except the upper side of the thorax, which is 
red ; the wings are semi-transparent, and have 
dark-brown veins, the front pair being clouded, 
or of a smoky color. The fore legs and under 
side of the other legs are pale yellow or whiti.sh. 
The body of the female measures about three- 
tenths of an inch in length, that of the male somewhat less. 
The insect is double-brooded, the first brood of flies appearing 
in the spring, the second late in July or early in August. 

The eggs are laid on the under side of the terminal leaves 
of the vine in small clusters, and the larvae, when hatched, 
feed in company, side by side, from about half a dozen to 
fifteen or twenty in a group, preserving their ranks with 
much regularity, as shown in Fig. 296. They begin at one 
edge of the leaf and eat the whole of the 
leaf — including the ribs — to the stalk, and 
proceed from leaf to leaf down the branch, 
devouring as they go, until they are full 
grown. When mature, they measure about 
five-eighths of an inch in length, are .somewhat 
slender and tapering behind, and thickened 
before the middle. They are of a pale-yellow 
color, darker or greenish on the back, with 
two transverse rows of minute black points across each ring, 
the head and tip of the last segment being black ; the under 
side is yellowish. After the last moult the larvae become 
entirely yellow, when they leave the vines, descend to the 
ground, and burrow under its surface. There they form oval 
cells in the earth, which they line with silk, and within these 
enclosures change to chrysalids, from which the perfect flies 
escape in about a fortnigiit. The second brood pa.ss the 
winter in the chrysalis state. In Fig. 296 one of the oval 



Fig. 296. 




286 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE 



Fig. 297 



cells is shown with the fly resting on it; also one of the 
chrysalids. 

Occasionally this insect is very destructive, sometimes en- 
tirely stripping the vines. In such cases the foliage should 
be sprinkled with hellebore and water, or Paris-green and 
water, in the proportions given under No. 140. 

No. 157. — The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper. 

Erythroneura vitis (Harris). 

The accompanying figure, 297, represents the insect com- 
monly known among vine-growers as the " Thrip." The 

insects are shown 
magnified; the 
shorter lines adjoin- 
ing indicate their 
natural size. 'The 
figure to the left 
shows the mature in- 
sect with its wings 
expanded, the other 
the same with its wings closed. It is rather more than one- 
eighth of an inch long, crossed by two broad, blood-red bands, 
and a third dusky one at the apex, the anterior band occu- 
pying the base of the thorax and the base of the wing-covers, 
the middle one wide above, narrowing towards the margin. 
Besides vitis, there are half a dozen or more which are sup- 
posed to be distinct species, all about the same size, and w^ith 
the same habits, differing only in the markings on the wings. 
These insects pass the winter in tlie perfect state, hiber- 
nating under dead leaves or other rubbish, the survivors be- 
coming active in spring, when they deposit their eggs on the 
young leaves of the vine. The larvae are hatched during the 
montii of Juno, and resemble the perfect insect except in 
size and in being destitute of wings. During their growth 
they shed their skins, which are nearly white, several times, 
and, although exceedingly delicate and gossamer-like, the 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 287 

empty skins remain for some time attached to tlie leaves. 
The insects feed together on the under side of the leaves, and 
are very quick in their movements, hopping briskly about by 
means of their hind legs, which are especially fitted for this 
purpose. They have a peculiar habit of running sideways, 
and when they see that they are observed upon one side of a 
leaf they will often dodge quickly around to the other. They 
are furnished with a sharp beak or proboscis, witli which 
they puncture the skin of the leaf, and through whicii they 
suck up the sap, the exhaustion of the sap producing on the 
upper surface yellowish or brownish spots. At first these 
spots are small and do not attract much attention, but as the 
insects increase in size the discolored spots become larger 
until the whole leaf is involved, when, changing to a yellow 
cast, it a})pears as if scorched, and often drops from the vine. 
Occasionally the vines become so far defoliated that the fruit 
fails to ripen. 

As the leaf-hopper enters the second stage of its existence, 
corresponding to the chrysalis state in other insects, diminutive 
wings appear, which gradually grow until fully matured, the 
insect meanwhile becoming increasingly active. With the 
full growth of the wings it acquires such powers of flight 
that it readily flies from vine to vine, and thus spreads itself 
in all directions. It continues its mischievous work until 
late in the season, when it seeks shelter for the winter. 

The Clinton, Delaware, and other thin -leaved varieties 
suifer more from the attacks of these insects than do the thick, 
leathery-leaved sorts, such as Concord. These leaf-hoppers 
are sometimes quite abundant in a vineyard one season and 
comparatively scarce the next, their preservation depending 
so nuich on favorable weather and suitable shelter for the 
perfect insects during winter. 

Remedies. — Various measures have been suggested as reme- 
dies. Since the insect does not consume the outer surface of 
the leaf, it becomes difficult to deal with it. Syringing with 
strong tobacco- water or soap-suds, or fumigating with tobacco 



288 



INSECTS JNJUJIIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



wliore the vinos can bo enclosed, so as to prevent the free es- 
cape of the smoke, are the most efficient remedies. Dusting 
with lime, sulphur and lime, hellebore and Cayenne pepj)er, 
have all been recommended. Carr^'iug lighted torches through 
the vineyard at night, the foliage at the same time being dis- 
turbed with a stick, will destroy a great many of tliem, since 
they fly to the light and are burnt. As a preventive, the 
ground in the neighborhood of the vines should be kei)t thor- 
oughly clean, and be several times raked or otherwise dis- 
turbed late in the autumn and early in the spring, so as to 
expose any concealed insects to the killing influence of frost. 
A species of bug known as the Glassy-winged Soldier-bug, 
Campi/loncura vitripcnnis Say, feeds on these leaf-hoppers, 

and devours large niuubers of 
them. Fig. 298 shows this 
If friendly insect in the larval 
state, and Fig. 299 in the per- 
fect condition. This useful 
friend, whenever seen, should 
be protected. In both figures 
the insect is magnified, the lines 
at the side showing the natural 
The mature iuscvt is of a pale greenish-yellow color, 
leail and thorax are tinged with i)ink, and the upper 
wings are transparent and ornauiented with a rose-colored 
cross. 



Fio.2'.)8. 



Fig. 290. 




si/x 
the 



The Grape-leaf Gall-louse. 

PlujUoxcra vit {folia Fiteh. 

This has been already treated of under the grape phyl- 
loxera, No. 125. 

Tree-hoppers. 

Severul insects may be grouped under this name which at- 
tack the leaves of the vine, and some of them the succulent 
branches also. 




ATTACKING TIIE LEAVES. 2S9 

No. 158. — One of these, the Waved Procoiiia, Proconia 
imdata Fabricius (see Fig. 300), is a cylindrical jumping 
insect iieai'ly half" an inch long, which is said to Jay 
its eirgs in sin<i:le rows in the wood of the canes. Be- ^^^''•- -"^OO. 

CIO o 

sides attacking the leaves, this bug punctures with its "^^r 
beak the stems of the bunches of grapes, causing the 
stems to wither and the bunches to drop off. Some- 
times it pum[)s out the sap so vigorously from the 
succulent branches that the (lro[)s fall in quick succession 
from its body. 

In the southern paits of Illinois this insect is at times very 
numerous, becoming then one of the worst enemies the grape- 
grower has to (iontend with. 

No. 159. — The Single-striped Tree-hopjjer, Thelia unwittata 
Harris, is shaped much like a beech-nut, with a perpendicular 
protuberance on the fore part of its back higher than it is 
wide, and its summit rounded. The insect is of a chestnut- 
brown color, tawny white in front, and with a white stripe 
along the back, extending from the protuberance to the tip. 
It is about one-third of an inch long and a quarter of an 
inch in height, and may often be seen on gra[)e-vines in July 
and August. 

No. 160. — Another species is the Black-backed Tree-hopper, 
Acutalis doi-salis (Fitch), a small, triangular, shining insect 
with a smooth, rounded back. Its color is greenish white, and 
it has a large black spot on its back, from the anterior corners 
of which a black line runs off towards each eye; the upp(!r 
margin of the head and the breast are also black. The female 
is about one-fifth of an inch long, the male smaller. This 
species is sometimes found in considerable numbers on gra])o- 
vines about the last of July, and a few stragglers usually 
remain until October. 



19 



290 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



Fig. 301. 




Tree-bugs. 
There are also several species of tree-bugs which infest the 
vine and suck its juices. 

No. 161. — The large green Tree-bug, Rhaphigaster Penn- 
sylvanicus De Geer (Fig. 301), is from six to seven tenths of 
an inch long, flattened in form, of a grass- 
green color, margined with a light-yellow line, 
w4iich is interrupted at each joint of the abdo- 
men with a small black spot. The anteniise 
are black, with some yellow on the basal and 
terminal joints. It occurs on grape-vines, 
chiefly in September, and is also found on 
hickory and willow trees. 

No. 162. — The Bound Tree-bug, Pentatoma 
ligata Say, is a large green bug closely resembling the species 
last described, but is more broadly edged all around, except 
upon its head, with pale red, and has a pale-red spot upon 
the middle of its back. The antennae are green, except the 
three last segments, which are black. This species is a little 
more than half an inch long, and occurs also on the hazel. 

No. 163. — The Modest Tree-bug, Arma modesfa Dallas, is 
smaller, being from four to four and a half tenths of an 
inch long, of a tawny yellowish-gray color, thickly dotted 
with brown. The wing-cases are commonly red at their tips, 
and the under glassy wings have a brown spot at their ex- 
tremities. The under side is whitish, with a row of black 
dots along the middle of the abdomen, and another on each 
side. This insect is one of the commonest tree-bugs, and is 
found in the autumn on a number of different trees and 
shrubs. 

No. 164. — The Grape-vine Aphis. 

Siphonophora viticola Thomas. 
This species of plant-louse, which is destructive to the 
leaves and young shoots of the grape-vine, is of a dusky- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



291 



brown or blackish color, legs greenish, marked witli dusky. 
Most of the lice are wingless, but some have wings clear and 
fflassv, with brownish veins. This is believed to be the same 
species as that which infests the vine in the southern i)arts of 
Europe, viz., Aphis vitis, but the insect has not yet been suffi- 
ciently studied to decide this with certainty. They cluster in 
thousands on the ends of the branches, causing the leaves to 
curl up and tiie vine to appear very unsightly. They are 
seen early in the summer, and usually continue but a few 
weeks, as their enemies, the lady-birds and other predaceous 
insects, increase so fast as to decimate them within that time. 
They are common in the South ^ „„., 

and in the Middle States, but \ f 

occur only occasionally in the 
more northern districts. 

Should occasion require the 
application of a remedy, the 
vines may be syringed with 
weak lye, tobacco - water, or 
strong soap-suds. 

No. 165. — The Broad-winged 
Katydid. 

CyrtopJu/llus coacavus (Harris). 

This is perhaps our common- 
est species of katydid, and may 
be distinguished from the other 
species by the greater breadth 
and convexity of its wing-cov- 
ers, which, with their strong 
midrib and regular venation, 
much resemble a leaf. The in- 
sect (Fig. 302) is about an inch 
and a half long, the female 
having a projecting ovipositor or piercer, with which the eggs 
are thrust into crevices and soft substances. The eirffs are 




292 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



of a dark slate-color, about one-eighth of an inch long, and 
not more than one-third of this in diameter. They are laid 
in two contiguous rows along a twig or cane, tiie bark of 
which is previously shaved off or made rough with the piercer. 
The rows are placed somewhat obliquely, overlapping eac^h 
other a little, and are firmly fastened with a gummy substance. 
These singular-looking rows of eggs are frequently found ou 
the canes of grape-vines, and always excite curiosity and in- 
quiry, and for that reason they are refen-ed to ; they do no 
particular injury to the vine. The young katydids when 
hatched, which usually occurs in the following spring, eat 
almost any tender succulent leaves, and have never been 
recorded as injurious. 

Another and a very similar species is the Oblong-wingetl 
Katydid, Phylloptera oblongifoUa De Geer, which is also said 
to deposit eggs in a similar manner on grape-twigs. 



Fig. 303. 



No. 166. — The Trumpet Grape-gall. 

Vitis viticola Osten Sacken. 

These are curious, elongated, conical galls, about one-third 

of an inch long, of 
a reddish or red- 
dish-crimson color, 
sometimes inclin- 
r-'V^'^ ing to green , grow- 

ing in considerable 
numbers on the 
"^^^ leaves of the vine. 
(See Fig. 303.) 
Wp' Though usually 
found only on the 
upper surface, they 
are occasionally 
seen on the under 
side also. They are 
produced by a gall-gnat, an undetermined species of Cecido- 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



293 



myia, and on cutting into the galls they are found to be hollow, 
each containing a pale-orange larva. It is probable that the 
larva enters the earth to transform to the chrysalis, and that 
the fly is produced the following season. 



No. 167. — The Grape-vine Filbert-gall. 

Yltls coryloides Walsh & Riley. 

In this instance a rounded mass of galls from one and a 
half to two and a half inches in diameter springs from a 
common centre at a point where a bud would naturally be 
found. The mass (see Fig. 304) is composed of from ten to 

Fig. 304. 




forty opaque, woolly, greenish galls, which have a fleshy, juicy, 
sub-acid interior, each with a single central, longitudinal cell, 
one of which is shown at c in the figure, about a quarter of 



'294 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



Fig. 305. 



an inch long and one-fourth as wide, containing a solitary 
orange-yellow larva, about one-eighth of an inch long. This 
is also the larva of an undetermined species of Cecidomyia^ 
a family the members of which may be recognized in the 
larval .state by a peculiar appendage known as a breast-bone 
attached to the under side near the head. In this species it 
is almost Y-shaped, as shown at a in tiie figure; the diverging 

branches terminate in two pro- 
jecting points, which may be 
extended at will, and which are 
probably used by the larva in 
abrading the soft tissues of the 
gall so as to cause an exudation 
^\ of sap, on which the larva feeds. 
The flies belonging to this genus 
are usually of a dull-black color, 
like that shown in Fig. 305, a, 
which represents a female fly; the antenna of a male is seen 
at b. The gall is common in July; the larger-sized specimens 
bear some resemblance to a bunch of filberts or hazel-nuts, 
hence the name filbert-gall. 




No. 168. — The Grape-vine Tomato-gall. 

Vitis fomafos Riley. 

Thes^ galls form a mass of irregular, succulent swellings 
on tiie stem and leaf-stalks of the grape-vine (see Fig. 306), 
very variable in size and shape, from the single, round, cran- 
berry-like swelling to the irregular, bulbous protuberances 
which look much like a group of diminutive tomatoes. They 
have a yellowish-green exterior, with rosy cheeks, and some- 
times are entirely red; the interior is soft, juicy, and acid. 
Each gall has several cells, as shown at a in the figure, and 
in each cell there is an orange-yellow larva, which, before the 
gall has entirely decayed, enters the ground, where it changes 
to a chrysalis, and finally emerges as a pale-reddish gnat, with 
black head and antennae, and gray wings. This fly also be- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



295 



longs to the family (Jccidomyia, and is known to entomologists 
as Lasioptera vitls of Osten Sacken. 

The larvae are liable to be attacked by a parasite, and also 



Fig. 306. 




by a sjDecies of Thrip, whieli invade the cells and destroy the 
inmates. 

No. 169. — The Grape-vine Apple-gall. 

Vitis pomum Walsh & Riley. 

This is a globnlar, fleshy, greenish gall, abont nine-tenths 
of an inch in diameter, which is attached Iw a rough base, 



296 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



Fig 



like that of a hazel-nut, to the stem of the vine. On its ex- 
ternal surface there are longitudinal depressions, which divide 
the gall into eight or nine segments. The interior is fleshy 
for about one-eiglith of its diameter, tlien follow a series of 
elongated cells, each divided into two by a transverse partition, 
the lower being the shorter of the two. Fig. 307, a, represents 

the exterior of the 
gall; b, a section of 
the same, showing 
its interior structure. 
Each cell is occupied 
by a single larva of 
a bright-yellow color, 
with a chestnut-brown^ 
Y-shaped breast-bone,, 
which eventually produces a gall-fly belonging to the genus 
Cecidomyia. 

This gall sometimes varies in form, being occasionally flat- 
tened or depressed ; when young it is downy on the outside, 
succulent within, and is said to have a pleasant, acidulous 
flavor. 

Should any of the galls described ever become a source of 
annoyance, tiiey may readily be destroyed by hand-picking. 




ATTACKING THE PRUIT. 



No. 170. — The Grape-seed Insect. 

Isosoma vitis Saunders. 

This insect was first observed in 1868, when it threatened 
to become a very troublesome enemy to grape-culture ; it was 
widely distributed, and, having the fecundity usually charac- 
teristic of insect life, it might have been expected to increase 
immensely; but this liappily has not been the case, and of 
late it has seldom prevailed to any serious extent. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



297 



Fia. 308. 




About the middle of August some berries in the bunches 
of grapes may be seen shrivelling up ; on opening these, 
many of them will be found to contain only one seed, and 
that of an unusually large size; other larger berries will 
contain two seeds, also swollen, most of the seeds having a 
dark spot somewhere on their surface. On cutting open these 
seeds, the kernel will be found almost entirely consumed, and 
the cavity occupied by a small, milk-white, footless grub, 
with a pair of brown, hooked jaws, a smooth and glossy skin, 
with a few very fine, short, white hairs. 
Fig. 308 shows tiiis larva highly mag- 
nified ; the small figure beneath indicates 
its natural size. 

The larva changes to a chrysalis within 
the seed during the spring months, and in July emerges as a 
fly, escaping through a small, irregular hole. 

The fly so much resembles that shown in Fig. 309 (which 
represents a closely-allied form belonging to the same genus) 
that it is difficult to 
distinguish between 
the two ; a represents 
the female, 6 the male, 
c the antenna of the 
female, d that of the 
male, e the abdomen 
of the female, showing 
the segments or rings 
of the body, / that of 
the male. All these 
figures are highly 
magnified ; the short 
hair-lines underneath 
the flies indicate the 
natural size. The fly is black ; the head and thorax are 
finely punctated with minute dots; the abdomen is long and 
smooth, with a polished surface, and is placed on a short 



Fig. 309. 



*%?**(» 




298 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



pedicel. The parent insect probably deposits her eggs on the 
skin of the grape, and the young larvse, as soon as hatched, 
puncture the skin and work their way to the seed, which they 
enter while it is young and soft. INlany of the affected grapes 
have a small scar on their surface, which may indicate where 
the insect has entered. 

Should this tiny foe ever become so troublesome as to 
require a remedy, the best one suggested is that of carefully 
gathering and destroying the shrivelled fruit. 

No. 171. — The Grape-berry Moth. 

Eudemis boirana (Schiff). 

This insect is an imported species, and has long been in- 
jurious to grape-culture in the south of Europe. The exact 
period of its introduction to America is not known, and it is 
only within the past few years that attention has been called 
to its ravages. When abundant, it is very destructive ; in 
some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per 
cent, of the crop. 

The young lurvse have usually been first observed early in 
July, when the infested grapes show a discolored spot where 
tlie worm has entered. (See Fig. 310, c.) When the grape 



Fig. 310. 




is opened and the contents carefully examined, there will 
generally be found in the pulp a small larva, rather long and 
thin, and of a whitish-green color. Besides feeding on the 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 299 

pulp, it sometimes eats portions of the seeds, and if the con- 
tents of a single berry are not sufficient, two, three, or more 
are drawn together, as shown in the figure, and fastened with a 
patch of silk mixed with castings, when the larva travels from 
one berry to another, eating into them and devouring their juicy 
contents. At this period its length is about an eighth of an 
inch or more ; the head is black, and the next segment has a 
blackish shield covering most of its upper portion; the body 
is dull whitish or yellowish green. As it approaches maturity, 
it becomes darker in color, and when about one-fourth of an 
inch long is full grown. (See 6, Fig. 310.) The body is then 
(hill green, with a reddish tinge, and a few short hairs, head 
yellowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet 
blackish, prolegs green. 

When the larva is full grown, it is said to form its cocoon 
on the leaves of the vine, cutting out for this purj)ose an 
oval flap, which is turned back on the leaf, forming a snug 
enclosure, which it lines with silk ; frequently it contents 
itself with rolling over a piece of the edge of the leaf, and 
within this retreat the change to a chrysalis takes place. The 
chrysalis is about one-fifth of an inch long, and of a yellow 
or yellowish-brown color. 

The perfect insect, which is shown magnified at a, Fig. 310, 
measures, when its wings are spread, nearly four-tenths of an 
inch across. The fore wings are of a pale dull-bluish shade, 
with a slight metallic lustre, becoming lighter on the interior 
and posterior portions, and are ornamented with dark-brown 
bauds and spots. The hind wings are dull brown, dee])er in 
color towards the margin, the body greenish brown. There 
are said to be two broods of this insect during the year; but 
Ave have never seen them at any other time than in the 
autumn, when the grapes are approaching maturity. 

Remedies. — As it is probable that most of the late brood 
])ass the winter in the chrysalis state attached to the leaves, 
if these were gathered and burned a large number of the 
insects would perish. The infested grapes might also be 



300 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 



gathered and destroyed. This insect is attacked by a small 
parasite, which doubtless does its part towards keeping the 
enemy in subjection. 

No. 172. — The Grape Curculio. 

Craponius incequalis (Say). 

This is a small beetle belonging to the family of Curculios, 
which passes the winter probably in the perfect state, and lays 
its eggs on the young grapes some time in June or early in 
July. It is a diminutive and inconspicuous insect, only about 
one-tenth of an inch long. (See Fig. 311, where it is shown 



Fig. 311. 



Fig. 312. 





much magnified.) Its color is black, sprinkled with grayish 
spots and dots, and thickly punctated. 

The young larva, when liatclied, enters the fruit and begins 
to feed upon it, its presence being indicated by a discoloration 
on one side of the berry, as if it were prematurely ripening. 
A dark, circular dot soon appears in the middle of the 
colored spot, showing the point where the insect has entered 
the fruit. The affected berry does not decay, but remains 
sound and plump ; but it sometimes drops to the ground 
before it is fully ripe. In Fig. 312 a specimen of the injured 
fruit is shown at a, and at 6 a magnified view of the larva, 
which is an elongated, footless grub, tapering towards tiie 
head, about one-fifth of an incli long, the head large, brown- 
ish yellow, and horny, the body yellowish white and trans- 
parent. Late in July or early in August the larva becomes 
full grown, when it leaves the berry, drops to the ground, 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 301 

and, huryiug itself in the soil, changes to a chrysalis, from 
which tiie beetle escapes late in August or early in September. 
This is not a common insect, nor is it very generally 
distributed, and the injury supposed to be done by it to 
the fruit is often more correctly chargeable to the species last 
referred to, since that is a much commoner insect. The 
grape curculio has been observed chiefly in the valley of the 
Mississippi, but is rarely injurious to any considerable extent 
or over any large area. Where it is troublesome, the vines 
may be jarred occasionally during the month of June, placing 
a sheet or an inverted umbrella under them, when the beetles 
will fall, and can then be gathered and destroyed, as in the 
case of the plum curculio. 

No. 173.— The Honey Bee. 

Apis 7neUiJica Linn. 

This useful insect, so valuable to man, is said to have the 
pernicious habit of puncturing or abrading the skin of the 
grape and extracting its juices. That the injury thus done is 
entirely due to the agency of bees has been disputed, some 
bee-lovers claiming that the grapes are first punctured by 
birds or bitten by wasps and hornets, and that the bees follow 
and promptly avail tliemselves of the store of sweets thus laid 
open for their use. The evidence, however, on the whole, 
seems rather strong against the bees, and there is little doubt 
that they frequently do abrade the skin of the fruit with their 
claws and afterwards extract the sweets with their brush-like 
tonp:ue. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
APPECT THE GEAPE. 

ATTACKING THE CANES. 

The apple-twig borer, No. 13, the tree cricket, No. 178, 



302 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 

and the mealy flata, No. 218, all injure the canes of the 
grape. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the saddle-back caterpillar, 
No. 49 ; and the smeared dagger, No. 194. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The Indian Cetonia, No. 81. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY. 



ATTACKING THE EOOTS. 



No. 174. — The Raspberry Root-borer. 

JEgeria rnbi Riley. 

This borer is quite distinct from the cane-borer, No. 176, 
that insect being without legs in the hirval state, wliile this 
one has sixteen legs, a feature which will enable any person 
readily to distinguish the one from the other. The rasp- 
berry root-borer belongs to the same ttimily of clear-winged 
moths as the peach-borer, and there is a striking resem- 
blance between the two species in the several stages of their 
existence. 

Both the male and the female moth are shown in Fig. 313, 
where a represents the male, and b the female. The front 
wings are transparent, veined with 
black or brownish, and heavily mar- 
gined with reddish browu ; the hind 
wings are transparent, with dark veins, 
and both wings are fringed with dark 
brown. The body is black, prettily 
banded and marked with golden yel- 
low, as in the figure. The wings, 
when expanded, will measure from 
three-c|narters of an inch to an inch 
across. 

The eggs are deposited by the female 
during the hot summer weather on the 
cane of the raspberry, a short distance above the ground. 
The young larva when hatched eats its way through the cane 
to the centre, where it feeds upon the pithy substance in 

303 




304 



INSECTS INJURJOUS TO THE RASPBERRY. 



the interior, and gradually channels the cane to the root, in 
which it spends the winter months, forming before spring 
cavities of considerable extent. As the spring opens, it works 
its way up again, usually through the interior of another cane, 
to a height of five or six inches, where the larva, in pre- 
paring for the exit of the future moth, eats the cane in one 
place nearly through, leaving a mere film of skin unbroken. 
When full grown, it is about an inch long, of a pale-yellow 
color, with a dark-brown head, and a few shining dots on 
each segment of the body. Within the cane, and near tlie 
spot specially prepared by the larva, the change to a chrys- 
alis takes ])lace, and when the time ai)proaches for the moth 
to escape, the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, pushing 
against the thin skin remaining on the cane, ruptures it, and, 
forcing its way through the opening, there awaits the escape 
of the moth, which usually takes place within a few hours 
afterwards. 

The injury thus done to the root is often followed by the 
death of the canes, a result sometimes incorrectly attributed 
to the severe cold of winter. Little 
can be done towards the destruction 
of this pest other than by laying 
bare the roots and cutting out the 
infested portions. A parasitic insect 
is said to attack these root-borers, and 
probably destroys many of them. 



Fig. 314. 




No. 175. — The Raspberry-root 
Gall-fly. 

Ehodites radicum Osten Sacken. 

This is a small gall-fly, which pro- 
duces a large brown gall on the roots, 
a good representation of which is 
The swelling is composed of a yellow, 
pithy suTDstance, scattered throughout which are a number of 
cells, each enclosing a small white larva, the 'progeny of the 



iven in Fig. 314. 



ATTACKING THE CANES. -^Q^ 

gall-fly. These soon change to ehrysalids, and they in turn 
produce after a time the perfect insects, which eat their way 
out througli the substance of the gall, leaving small holes to 
mark the place of exit. These galls are not only the abode 
of the makers, the gall-flies, but are also frequented by other 
s})ecies known as guest-flies, and the presence of these as well 
as other parasitic species in company with the normal inmates 
is apt to perplex the observer, and renders it more difficult to 
<liscover the real authors of the mischief. This gall chiefly 
affects the black raspberry ; it also occurs on the blackberry, 
and sometimes on the roots of the rose. 

Wherever these excrescences are found they should be col- 
lected and burnt. 



ATTAOEINa THE OANES. 

No. 176. — The Raspberry Cane-borer. 

Oberea himaculata Oliv. 

This insect in the larval state lives in the centre of the 
cane, where it burrows a passage from above downwards, 
often causing the death of the cane. Its natural home is 
among the wild raspberries, but it has taken very kindly to 
the cultivated sorts, and appears indeed to prefer them. 

The perfect insect is a long-horned beetle (see Fig. 315), 
with a long and narrow black body, with the top of the 
thorax and the fore part of the breast pale yel- 
lowish; the wing-cases are covered with coarse Fig. 315. 
indentations and slightly notched at the ends, and 
there are two black spots on the thorax, which, 
however, are sometimes wanting, and a third black 
dot on the hinder edge, just where the wing-covers 
join the thorax. The beetles appear on the wing during the 
month of June, and, after pairing, the female proceeds to 
deposit her eggs, which she does in a very singular manner. 

20 




306 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RAStBERRV. 

With her mandibles she girdles the young growing cane near 
the tip in two places, one ring being about an inch below 
the other, and between the rings the cane is pierced, and an 
egg thrust into its substance near the middle, its location 
being indicated by a small, dark-colored spot. The supply 
of sap being impeded or stopped, the tip of the cane above 
the upper ring soon begins to droop and wither, and sliortly 
dies, when a touch will sever it at the point where it has 
been girdled. 

The egg is long and narrow and of a yellow color, is quite 
large for the size of the insect, and, embedded in the moist 
substance of the cane, absorbs moisture and increases in size 
until in a few days a small grub hatches from it. The larva 
as it escapes from the egg is about one-fourteenth of an inch 
long, with a yellow, smooth, glossy body, roughened at the 
sides, and clothed with very minute short iiairs. The head is 
small and reddish brown, and the anterior segments of the 
body swollen ; it is also footless. The young larva burrows 
down the centre of the stem, consumiug the pith until full 
grown, which is usually about the end of August, when it is 
nearly an inch long and of a dull-yellow color, with a small, 
dark-brown head. By this time it has eaten its way a con- 
siderable distance down the cane, in which it remains during 
the winter, and where it changes to a chrysalis, the beetle 
escaping the following June, when it gains its liberty by 
gnawing a passage through. This borer injures the black- 
berry as well as the raspberry. 

The presence of these enemies is easily detected by the 
sudden drooping and withering of the tips of the canes. 
They begin to operate late in June, and continue their work 
for several weeks; hence by looking over the raspberry plan- 
tation occasionally at this season of the year and removing 
all the withered tops down to the lowest ring, so as to insure 
the removal of the egg, these insects may be easily kept 
under, for they are seldom numerous. 



ATTACKING THE CANES. 



307 



Fig. 316. 



No. 177. — The Red-necked Agrilus. 

Agrilus rujicollis (Fabr.j. 

In the spring-time, when raspberry and blackberry canes 
are being pruned, they will often be observed swollen in 
places to the length of an inch or more, in the manner shown 
in Fig. 316. This swelling is a 
pithy gall, and has been named 
the Raspberry Gouty-gall, Rubi 
podagra Riley, and is produced 
by the irritation caused by the 
])resence of the larva of the red- 
necked Agrilus. The swollen 
])ortions are not smooth, as the 
healthy ones are, but have the 
surface roughened with numer- 
ous brownish slits and ridges, 
and when the ridges are cut into 
with a knife, there will be found 
under each of them the passage- 
way of a minute borer, and 
either in the channel or in the 
softsubstance adjoining, the larva 
will usually be found. Fig. 317 
represents the nearly full-grown 
larva magnified, the hair-line at 
the side indicating its natural 
size. Its body is almost thread- 
like, and of a pale-yellowish or whitish color, with the ante- 
rior sediments enlarged and flattened. The head is small and 
brown, the jaws black, and the tail is armed with two slender, 
dark-brown horns, each having three blunt teeth on the inner 
edge. When full grown, it measures about six-tenths of an 
inch long. While young it inhabits chiefly the sap-wood, 
and, foil )wing an irregular, spiral course, frequently girdles 
and destroys the cane; usually several larvae will be found 




308 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY 



in the one cane, thus lengthening the gall and causing it to 
assume a very irregular shape. In April or May the larva 

penetrates into tlie pith, where 
it is more secure from insect 
and other foes, and there 
changes to a chrysalis, from 
which the perfect beetle es- 




^1 capes early in the summer. 
The eggs are deposited on 
the young canes probably in 
July, and the tiny young lar- 
vae, when hatched, eat into the 
cane, producing, in time, the mischievous results already de- 
tailed. Fig. 318, c, shows the perfect insect, miignified; b, 
another view of the larva, and a the horns at the end of its 
body, much magnified. The beetle is about three-tenths of 
an inch long, with a rather small, dark bronzy head, a beau- 
tifully bright coppery neck, and brownish-black wing-covers. 
The under surface is of a uniform shining black color. 

The best method of destroying this insect is to cut out the 
infested canes in the spring and burn them before the beetle 

escapes. 

No. 178.— The Tree Cricket. 

(Ecanihus niveus Serv. 

Of all the insects aifecting the canes of the raspberry, 

probably this is the most troublesome. Fig. 319 represents 

the male, and Fia;. 320 the female. They 
Fig. 319. ' ^ r. • i i • 

are about seven-tenths of an inch long, ot 

a pale whitish-green color, and semi-transpa- 
rent, with several dusky stripes on the head 
and thorax; the legs and antennae are also 
dusky or dark-colored. They are exceed- 
ingly lively, and the males quite musical, 
chirping merrily with a loud, shrill note 
among the bushes all the day. In the 
autumn they attain full growth, and it is then that the female, 




ATTACKING THE CANES. 



309 



Fig. 320. 




Fig. 321. 



in carrying out lier instinctive desires to protect her progeny, 
becomes sucli an enemy to the raspberry-grower. She is fur- 
nished with a long ovipositor, 
which she thrusts obliquely 
more than half-way through 
the cane, and down the open- 
ing thus made siie places one of her eggs, which are yellowish 
and semi-transparent, about one-eighth of an inch long, and 
narrow; a second one is then placed, in the same manner, 
alongside of the first, and so on, until from five to fifteen eggs 
have been placed in a row. In Fig. 321 
is shown a piece of infested cane; a rep- 
resents the irregular row of punctures in- 
dicating the ])resence of the eggs ; b, the 
same laid open, showing the eggs in posi- 
tion ; at c is a magnified Qgv^ while d 
shows the granulated head of the same, 
still more hig-ldy magnified. Owing; to ^ 
the presence of these eggs, the cane is t^ \ 
much weakened, and is liable to break on 
slight provocation ; sometimes the part 
beyond the punctures dies, but if it sur- 
vives, and escapes being broken in winter, 
it is very a})t to break from the action of 
the wind on the weight of foliage as soon 
as it has expanded in spring, and the crop 
which would otherwise be realized is lost. 
As soon as the spring opens, the eggs 
begin to swell, and about midsummer, 
or sometimes a little earlier, the young 
insects hatch, which much resemble the 
perfect insect in form, but lack wings. They at once leave 
the raspberry canes and do no further injury to them. At 
first they feed more or less on plant-lice, and later in the 
season on ripe fruits and other succulent food. Besides in- 
juring the raspberry and blackberry, they attack the canes 



\, 




310 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRV, 

of the grape and the smaller branches of plum, peach, and 
other trees. 

Remedies. — Cut out late in the fall or early in the spring 
all those })ortions of the cane which contain eggs, and burn 
them. Wherever the eggs are deposited the regular rows of 
punctures are easily seen, and often their presence is rendered 
still more apparent by a partial splitting of the cane. The 
mature insects may also be destroyed in the autumn by sud- 
denly jarring the bushes or canes on which they collect, when 
they drop to the ground, and may be trodtlen under foot before 
they have time to hop or fly away. 



ATTACKING THE FLOWEES. 
No. 179. — The Pale-brown Byturus. 

Byturus unicolor S;vy. 

This insect is a small beetle, which is sometimes very 
destructive to the blossoms of the raspberry. It is a native 
insect, about three-twentieths of an inch long, of a yellowish- 
brown or pale-reddish color, and densely covered with fine, 
])ale-vellow hairs. The surface of the body, when seen under 
a magnifying-lens, is densely punctatetl. This beetle is 
shown, both magnified and of the natural size, in 
Fig. 322. Fig. 322. 

Late in May and early in June, when the flowers 
are expanding, this insect is busily employed eating 
into and injuring or destroying the flower-buds. At 
this i)eriod many of the flower-buds may be found 
with a hole in the side, through which the enemy 
;^ has entered and eaten away, partly or wholly, the 

stamens, also the spongy receptacle on which they 
are borne. Where the injury is only partial, the flower 
usually expands; but when the sexual organs are entirely de- 
stroyed, as is often the case, the buds generally wither and do 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



311 



not open. The beetles attack the expanded flowers as well 
as tliose which are unopened, partly hiding themselves about 
the base of the nnmerous stamens on which they are feeding. 
Tliey are seldom seen during the middle of the day, but work 
chiefly during the early hours of the morning and evening. 
They feed on the blossoms of the blackberry also, and are 
said to eat tiie leaves of the rasjjberry occasionally. 

Where the flowers are injured, the fruit, if it forms at all, 
is always imperfect; hence, should this insect become very 
plentiful, it would prove a great hinderance to successful ras|)- 
berry-culture. Fortunately, it has never yet occurred in any 
great numbers; should it at any time become numerous, its 
ranks might be thinned by hand-picking. 



ATTAOKIM THE LEAVES. 



No. 180.— The Raspberry Saw-fly. 

Sclandria ruhi Harris. 

The perfect insect in this instance is a four-winged fly be- 
longing to the order Hymenoptera, which appears from about 
the 10th of May to the beginning of June, or soon after the 
young leaves of the raspberry are put forth. Fig. 323 gives a 
magnified view of this flv. 



The wings, which are trans- 



Pio. 323. 



parent, with a glossy surface 
and metallic hue, measure, 
when expanded, about half 
an inch across; the veins 
are black, and there is also 
a streak of black along the 
front margin, extending 
more than half-way to- 
wards the tip of the wing. The anterior part of the body is 
black, the abdomen dark reddish. In the cool of the morning, 




312 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY 



when tliese flies are approached as they rest on the bu>he.s, 
they have the habit of falling to the ground, and there remain- 
ing inactive long enough to permit of their being caught ; but 
with the increasing heat of the day they become much quicker 
in their movements, and take wing readily when approached. 
The eggs are buried beneath the skin of the raspberry 
leaf, near the ribs and veins, and are placed there by means 
of the saw-like apparatus with which the female is provided. 
The egg is white and semi-transparent, with a faint yellow 
tinge, and a smooth, glossy surface, oval in form, and about 
one-thirtieth of an inch lono;. The skin covering; it is so thin 
and transparent that the movements of the enclosed larva 
may be observed a day or two before it is hatched, and the 
black spots on the sides of the head are distinctly visible; it 
escapes through an irregular hole made on one side of the egg. 
The newly-hatched larva is about one-twelfth of an inch 
long, with a large, greenish-white head, having a black, eye- 
like spot on each side; the body nearly white, semi-transparent, 
and thickly covered with transverse rows of white spines. 
As it grows older it becomes green, very much the color of 

the leaf on which it is feed- 
FiQ. 324. ing^ and on this account it 

would be difficult to dis- 
cover were it not that it 
riddles the leaves by eat- 
ing out all the soft tissues 
between the coarser veins. 
When full grown, it meas- 
ures about three-quarters 
of an inch in length, is 
of a dark -green color, its 
body thickly set with pale- 
green, branching tubercles. 
The head is small, pale yel- 
lowish green, with a dark-brown dot on each side. This 
larva is usually found on the upper surface of the leaf. In 






ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 313 

Fig. 324 it is shown of the natural size, with portions of the 
segments magnified, sliowing the arrangement of the spines 
on tiie back and side. 

On reaching maturity, which is usually from the middle 
to the end of June, the larva leaves the hush, and, de- 
scending to the ground, penetrates beneath the surface, and 
there constructs a little, oval, earthy cocoon, mixed with silky 
and glutinous matter. These cocoons are toughly made, and 
may be taken out of the earth in which they are embedded, 
and even handled roughly, without much danger of dis- 
lodging the larvse. They remain within the cocoon for a 
considerable time unchanged, finally transforming to chrysa- 
lids, from which the flies escape early the following spring. 

These insects may be readily destroyed l)y syringing or 
sprinkling the bushes with water in which powdered hellebore 
has been mixed, in the jiroportion of an ounce of the powder 
to a pailful of water. 

No. 181. — The Raspberry Apatela. 

Apafela hriimosa Grote. 

The caterpillar of this moth, although never yet recorded 
as very injurious, is more or less common on raspberry- 
bushes every year in some localities. It does not a{)pear in 
flocks, but feeds singly. It is a gray hairy caterpillar, which 
attains full growth during the latter part of July or in 
A.ugust, wdien it measures, if in motion, about an inch and a 
quarter long, but when at rest, owing to some of the segments 
of the body being drawn })artly within the others, it does 
not measure more than an inch. The body is thickest from 
the third to the seventh segment, tai)ering a little anteriorly 
and posteriorly, and is of a brownish-black color, with a trans- 
verse row of paler tubercles on each segment, from which 
spring clusters of brownish-white or grayish hairs of varying 
lengths. Beiiind the third segment there is a space down the 
centre of the back where the dark color of the body is dis- 
tinctly seen. The head is of a shining black color, the upper 




314 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRV. 

portion overhung by the long hairs of tlie next .segment. 
The under side is greenish brown, with a few small clusters 
of short brown hairs. 

The larva changes to a brown chrysalis within a rather 

tough cocoon formed of pieces of leaves interwoven with silk. 

The moth (Fig. 325) has the fore wings gray, mottled with 

spots, streaks, and dots of darker shades of gray and brown. 

The hind wings are of a dull ])ale 
gray, deepening in color a little 
towards the outer margin. The 
under surface is paler than the 
upi)er. When the wings are ex- 
panded, they measure about an inch 
and a quarter across. 
Should this insect ever become troublesome, it may be sub- 
dued by hand-picking, or destroyed by showering the bushes 
with water in which hellebore or Paris-green has been mixed, 
in the i)roportion of an ounce of the former or one or two 
teaspoonfuls of the latter to two gallons of water. 

No. 182. — The Raspberry Plume-motli. 

Ptero2jhoms ? 

The caterpillar of this moth, an undetermined species of 
Pterophorus, has not in any instance been sufficiently numer- 
ous to be considered destructive, 
Fig. 326. yet it is an interesting insect, and 

>^i4r^ ^^ ^^^'^ account deserves a ])ass- 
4^" ing notice. About the middle 
t 1 i^U of June the larva reaches full 

growth, when it is about four- 
tenths of an inch long, of a pale 
yellowish-green color, streaked with pale yellow, and with 
transverse rows of shining tubercles, from each of which arise 
from two to six spreading hairs of a yellowish-green color. 
The head is small, pale green, with a faint brown dot on ea^h 
side. Fig. 326 rej)resents this larva, much magnified. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



315 



When the larva is about to cliange to a chrysalis, it spins a 
loose web of silk on a leaf or other suitable spot, to which 
the chrysalis is attached. This is less than three-tenths of an 
inch long, pointed behind, enlarging gradually towards the 
front, where, near the end, it slopes abruptly to the tip. Its 
color is pale green, with a line along the back of a deeper 
shade, margined on eacli side with a whitish ridge; it is also 
more or less hairy. In about a week or ten days the chrys- 
alis changes to a darker color, sliortly after which the perfect 
insect escapes. 

The moth (Fig. 327), altiiough quite small, is very beauti- 
ful ; it measures, when its wings are expanded, about half an 
incli across. Tlie fore wings are of a deep 
brownish-copper color, with a metallic lustre, 
and a few dots of silvery white; they are 
cleft down the middle about half their depth, 
the division as well as tlie outer edge being 
fringed. The hind wings, which resemble 
the fore wings in color, are divided into three portions, the 
hinder one being almost linear, and all deeply fringed. The 
antennae are ringed with silvery white, and there are spots of 
tlie same color on the legs and body. 

Should this insect at any time prove troublesome, it might 
be easily destroyed with powdered hellebore and water, as 
recommended for No. 181. 



Fig. 327. 




Fig. 328. 



No. 183. — Chelymorpha Argus 
Leichtenstein, a beetle belonging 
to the family Chrysomelidse, is also 
said to feed occasionally on the 
raspberry. In Fig. 328 the beetle 
is represented of the natural size, 
the chrysalis in Fig. 329. It can 
scarcely be regarded as injurious, and needs but a 
notice. 



Fig. 329. 




jiassmg 



:U6 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY 



ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 



Fig. 330. 



No. 184. — The Raspberry Geometer. 

Sijnchlora ruhicorarla (Riley). 

The larva of tliis pretty moth feeds chiefly on the fruit of 
the raspberry; it is said that it occasionally feeds also on tlie 
leaf. Fig. 330 shows the larva, of natural size, on the fruit 

at a ; b, an enlarged 
view of one of the 
segments of its 
body, showing the 
hairs with which it 
is adorned. The 
moth, of the nat- 
ural size, is seen at 
c, while at d an en- 
larged outline is 
given of one pair 
of the wings. 

The larva reaches 
maturity about the 
time of the ripening 
of the raspberry, when it is about three-quarters of an inch 
long, of a yellowish-gray color, each segment being furnished 
with several short prickles. It has the habit of disguising 
itself by attaching to its thorny projections tiny bits of vege- 
table matter, such as the anthers of flowers, bits of leaves, 
etc., and by this means it often escapes detection. 

When full grown, the larva forms a slight cocoon, within 
which it changes to a chrysalis of a pale-yellow color, with 
darker lines and spots, which in a few days produces the 
perfect insect. 

The wings of the moth are of a delicate pale-green color, 
crossed by two lines of a lighter shade, and, when expanded, 




ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 317 

thev measure about lialf an inch across. The body is green 
above and white beneath. 

As the larva of this insect is not usually observed until 
the fruit is ripe, no poisonous applications to destroy it could 
be used, and resort must be had, if anything is done, to hand- 
picking. One species of parasitic insect is known to prey on 
it. 

No. 185. — The Plea-like Negro-bug. 
Corimelcena pulicaria Germ. 

This disgusting little pest is not at all uncommon on ripe 
raspberries. Its presence may be discovered by the fruit 
having a nauseous buggy odor, but the insect is so small that 
it is often taken into the mouth un- 
noticed until the disgusting flavor reveals 
its presence. In Fig. 331 we have a 
magnified outline of this insect, the smaller 
sketch at the side showing its natural size. 
It is of a black color, with a whitish stri|>e 
along each side, and is furnished with a 
pointed beak or sucker, with which it punctures the fruit and 
extracts its juices. This troublesome visitor is also found on 
the blackberry, and occasionally on the strawberry. 




SUPPLEMENTAET LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AEFECT THE EASPBEREY. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, 
No. 35 ; the saddle-back caterpillar. No. 49 ; the apple leaf- 
miner, No. 50 ; the yellow woolly-bear. No. 146 ; the py- 
ramidal grape-vine caterpillar. No. 147; the neat strawberry 
leaf-roller. No. 193; the smeared dagger. No. 194; and the 
cucumber flea-beetle. No. 223. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRY. 



ATTACKING THE CANES. 

No. 186.— The Pithy Gall of the Blackberry. 

This curious gall, which is represented in Fig. 332, is some- 
times found on blackberry canes. It is about two or three 

inches long, of a dark- 
le lo. oo_. YQ(\ or reddish -brown 
color, oblong in form, 
with its surface un- 
even, with deep lon- 
gitudinal furrows, 
which divide the gall 
more or less com- 
pletely into four or 
five portions. It is 
y caused by a small 
J four-winged fly, Di- 
astrophus nehulosus 
Osten Sacken. If a 
transverse section of 
this gall be made, 
there will be found 
about the middle a 
number of oblong 
cells about one-eighth 
of an inch long, 
shown at 6 in the 
figure, each contain- 
ing a single larva or 
Tlie larva, which is represented enlarged at c, is about 
one-tenth of an inch long, white, with the mouth parts 
318 




pupa. 



ATTACKING THE CANES. 31 9 

reddish, and tlie breathing-pores and an oval spot on each 
side behind the head of the same color. The insect usnally 
remains in the larval state during the greater part of the 
winter, then changes to a chrysalis {d, Fig. 333), the perfect 
insect appearing in spring. The fly is about one-twelfth of 
an inch long, black, with transparent wings and red feet and 
antenuis. 

These gall-makers are attacked by parasitic insects, and are 
also devoured by birds. 

No. 187.— The Seed-like Gall of the Blackberry. 

This is a singular gall, about one-tenth of an inch in 
diameter, which sometimes occurs in clusters around the canes 
of the blackberry, covering them with a belt of these seed- 
like bodies to the depth of an inch or an inch and a half. 
They are round, of a reddish color, and from many of them 
arise more or less strong spines, and when cut into, unless 
they have already been emptied by birds, each one will be 
found to coniain a single larva or pupa. These galls are 
also caused by a small, four-winged fly closely related to that 
of the pithy gall, and known as Diastrophus ciisoutseformis 
Osten Sacken. It is of a dark-brown or black color, with 
red feet and antennse. 

No. 188.— The Blackberry Bark-louse. 

Lecaiiium ? 

An undetermined s])ecies of Lecanium is sometimes found 
on the canes of the blackberry. This louse is of an irreg- 
ular hemispherical forn), about one-fourth of an inch in 
diameter, and of a shining mahogany color. It appears in 
groups or masses attached to the canes, and each one, when 
lifted, is found to cover a large number of pale-pinkish eggs. 
This is very similar to the grape-vine bark-louse, No. 126, 
and may be treated in the same manner. 



320 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRV. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 189. — The Blackberry Flea-louse. 

Psylla ruhi W. & R. 

This insect has been reported as common on blackberry 
leaves in some parts of New Jersey. It is a small, four- 
winged fly, much resembling the pear-tree Psylla (No. 70), 
about one-eitirhth of an inch long; when its wini^s are closed. 
'J'he mature insect is like a plant-louse in ai)[)earance, but its 
transparent wings are differently veined, and it has the power 
of jumping briskly when disturbed, which plant-lice never 
possess. The leaves affected curl up so as to make a safe harbor 
for the lice-like larvse, which occupy these enclosures during 
the greater part of the summer. To lessen their numbers, 
gather the curled leaves and burn them. 



SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST GE INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AFEECT THE BLAOKBERRY. 

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 

The raspberry root-borer, No, 174, and the raspberry-roat 
gall-fly. No. 175, both injure the roots of the blackberry. 

ATTACKING THE CANES. 

The raspberry cane-borer, No. 176, and the red-necked 
Agrilus, No. 177. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The fall web-worm. No. 27 ; the apple leaf-miner, No. 50 ; 
the waved Lagoa, No. 89 ; the yellow woolly-bear, No, 146 ; 
and the neat strawberry leaf-roller. No. 193. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The flea-like negro-bug, No. 185, is common on the fruit. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 

No. 190. — The Strawberry Root-borer. 

Anarsia Uneatella Zeller. 

When ocourrino; in great numbers, this insect is very inju- 
rious, playing sad havoc with the strawberry-plants. The 
borer is a small caterpillar, nearly half an inch long, and of a 
reddish-pink color, fading into dull yellow on the second and 
third segments, the anterior portion of the second segment 
above being smooth, horny-looking, and brownish yellow 
like the head. On each segment there are a few shining, 
reddish dots, from every one of which arises a single, fine, 
yellowish hair. The under surface is paler. This borer eats 
irregular channels through the crown, sometimes excavating 
large chambers, at other times tunnelling it in various direc- 
tions, eating its way here and there to the surface. If ex- 
amined in the spring, most of the cavities will be found to 
contain a moderate-sized, soft, silky case, nearly full of cast- 
ings, which doubtless has served as a place of retreat for 
the larva during the winter. 

Early in June, wlien mature, thecaterpillarchanges toasmall, 
reddish-brown ciirysalis, either within one of the cavities ex- 
cavated in the crown, or among decayed leaves or rubbish 
about tiie surface, from which the moth escapes early in Jul v. 

The moth (see Fig. 333) is very small, of a dark -gray coloi-, 
with a few blackish-brown spots and streaks on the fore wings. 
The fringes bordering the wings are gray tinged with yellow. 
The moth lays an egg on the crown of the plant late in July 
or early in August, which soon hatches ; the small cater- 
pillar burrows into the heart of the jilant, and remains in one 
of the chambers during the winter, occin)ying oneof the silkv 

21 321 



322 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 



Fig. 333. 



cases referred to. The channels formed by this larva throngh 
the crown and larger roots of the plant soon cause it to wither 
and die; or, if it survives, to send up weakened and almost 
barren shoots. 

This insect does not limit its depredations to the strawberry ; 
the larva is also found boring into the tender twigs of the 
peach-tree and killing the terminal bnds. 
In Fig. 333 we have a representation of 
the larva and moth, both of the natural 
size and magnified, also of an injured 
peach-twig. The insect is known to at- 
tack the peach-tree in Europe, whence it 
has probably been imported to this country. 
Remedies. — Dusting the plants with 
air-slaked lime or with soot has been 
recommended, but there seems to be no 
way thoroughly to destroy this pest except by digging up 
the strawberry plants, burning them, and planting afresh. 
The larvae are subject to the attacks of parasites, which doubt- 
less materially limit their increase. 




No. 191. — The Strawberry Crown-borer. 

Tyloderm a f vagaries ( R i 1 ey ) . 

This is an indigenous insect, a beetle belonging to the 
family of Curculios. The beetle (Fig. 334) appears in June 

or July, and deposits 
an egg about the crown 
of the plant, from which, 
when hatched, the larva 
burrows downwards, 
eating into the sub- 
stance of the crown. 
Here it remains, boring 
and excavating, nntil it 
attains full growth, when it appears as shown at a in the 
figure, where it is much magnified. It is about one-fifth of 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 323 

an inch long, white, with a horny, yellow head. It changes 
to a chrysalis within the root, from which the beetle escapes 
(luring the month of August. 

The beetle, shown at b and c in the figure, is about one- 
sixth of an inch long, of a brown color, with several more 
or less distinct dark-brown spots, and is marked with lines 
and dots. 

Almost all the plants infested with this larva are sure to 
perish, and old beds are said to be more liable to injury than 
new ones. The only remedy suggested is to dig up and burn 
the plants after the fruiting season is over, and before the larva 
has time to pass through its transformation and escape as a 
beetle. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 192. — The Strawberry Leaf-roller. 

Phoxopteris fragarice (AV. & R.). 

This insect, which is sometimes designated the strawberry 
leaf-roller, is not the only leaf-roller which attacks the leaves 
of the strawberry. The caterpillars belonging to the early 
brood are found upon the plants during the month of June, 
rolling the leaves into cylindrical cases, fastening them with 
threads of silk, and feeding within on their pulpy substance, 
causing the leaves to appear discolored and partly withered. 
They are about one-third of an inch long, and vary in color 
from yellowish brown to a darker brown or green. The head is 
yellowish and horny, with a dark eye-like spot on each side. 
The second segment has a shield above, colored and polished 
like the head, and on every segment there are a few pale 
dots, from each of which arises a single hair. In Fig. 335, 
a represents the larva of its natural size, h a magnified view 
of the head and four succeeding segments, and d the terminal 
segment of the body. 

The larva becomes a chrysalis within the folded leaf late in 




324 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 

June, and appears as a moth early in July. The fore wings 
of the moth are reddish brown, streaked and spotted with 

black and white, as 
Fig. 335. shown in the figure at 

c; the hind wings and 
abdomen are dusky; 
the head and thorax 
redd is) I brown. When 
exjianded, the wings 
measure nearly half 
an inch across. The eggs for the second brood of larvae are 
deposited during the latter part of July, the larvte attaining 
their full growth towards the end of September, when they 
change to chrysalids, and remain in that condition during 
the winter, producing moths the following spring. 

This species is sometimes very destructive, when the plants 
should be sprinkled with a mixture of powdered hellebore 
and water, in the proportion of an ounce to the pailful, or 
tlie rolled leaves may be gathered and burnt, or the plantation 
ploughed up in the autumn or early in the spring, and the 
insects destroyed by burying them; in replanting, avoid using 
plants from infested districts. 



No. 193. — The Neat Strawberry Leaf-roller. 

Eccopsis permundana (Clemens). 

This pernicious little caterpillar ajjpears just about the 
time that the strawberry blo.ssoms are opening, and delights 
to form its protecting case by drawing the flowers and flow^er- 
buds together into a ball and to feast upon their substance, a 
peculiarity which renders its attacks much more injurious than 
any mere consumption of leaves would be. The larva is of 
a green color, with the head and upper part of the next seg- 
ment black. When full grown, it is about five-eighths of 
an inch long, is very active in its habits, and M'riggles itself 
quickly out of its hiding-place when disturbed. Late in 



ATTACKLXG THE LEAVES. 



325 



Fig. 336. 



June or eiirly in July it changes to a brown chrysalis, from 
which, in a few days, the perfect insect escapes. 

The moth, which is shown magnified in Fig. 336, has its 
fore wings yellowish or greenish brown, varying mucli in shade 
of color, with irregular, lighter mark- 
ings crossing the wings obliquely ; the 
hind wings are ashy brown. 

The caterpillar is very destructive 
in some districts, and feeds upon the 
wild strawberry as well as upon the 
cultivated varieties; also upon the 
leaves of the raspberry and black- 
berry. 

Remedies. — Dusting the plants with air-slaked lime, soot, 
or ashes, or sprinkling them with a mixture of Paris-green 
and water, in the projjortion of one or two teaspoonfuls to 
two gallons of water, would no doubt prove beneficial. The 
caterpillar is very subject to the attacks of parasites. 




No. 194. — The Smeared Dagger. 

Apatela ohiinita (Sin. it Abb.). 

The moths belonging to the genus Apatela are called 
"daggers" in England, on account of a peculiar dagger- 
like mark found on the front wings near the hind angle. 
This peculiarity being partly obliterated in this species, it 
has received the common name of the " smeared dagger." 

The accompanying figure, 337, represents the insect in its 
various stages. The larva, a, is a hairy caterpillar, brightly 
ornamented, and about an inch and a quarter long. It is of 
a deep velvety black color, with a transverse row of tubercles 
on each segment, those above being bright red and set in a 
band of the same color, which extends down each side. From 
each tubercle there ari.ses a tuft of short, stiff hairs, those 
on the upper part of the body being red, while below they 
are yellowish or mixed with yellow. On each side of an 
imaginary line drawn down the centre of the back is a row of 



326 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 

bright-yellow spots, two or more on each segment, and below 
these, and close to the under surface, a bright-yellow band, 
deeply indented on each segment. Spiracles white. There are 
also a few whitish dots scattered irregularly over the surface 
of the body. This caterpillar is so conspicuous for its beauty 
that it is sure to attract the attention of every beholder. 
As soon as it is full grown, it draws together a few leaves 



Fig. 337. 




or other loose material, and, with the aid of some silk, con- 
structs a rude case (6, Fig. 337), within which it changes to 
a dark-brown chrysalis. The caterpillars of the fall brood, 
which become chrysalids early in September, do not produce 
moths until June following. There are two broods during 
the season, but the members of the early one, being less 
abundant, are not so often seen as those of the later brood. 

The moth, which is represented at c in the figure, is a very 
plain-looking insect. Its fore wings are gray, with a row of 
blackish dots along the hind border, A broken, blackish, 
zigzag line, sometimes indistinct, crosses the wing beyond the 
middle, and there are some darker grayish spots about the 
middle of the wing ; the hind wings are white. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 327 

This caterpillar is not confined to the strawberry, but feeds 
also on tlie leaves of the grape, apple, peach, raspberry, 
willow, and on the common smart-weed. Polygonum punc- 
tatum. Being such a general feeder, it is never likely to 
become injurious. It is preyed upon by several parasitic 
insects, whicli no doubt render material aid in keeping it 
witiiiu due limits. 

No. 195. — Cut-worms. 

Under No. 45, among the insects injurious to the apple, 
tiie reader will find reference made to those species of cut- 
worms which are noted for climbing trees and devouring the 
foliage. These climbing cut-worms eat also anything on 
the ground which may come in their Avay. There are, how- 
ever, a number of species which do not climb trees, and it is, 
as a rule, among these that we find the greatest enemies to 
strawberry-plants. These larvae, or '' worms," as tiiev are 
called, all have a general resemblance to one another, being- 
smooth and of some shade of greenish gray or brown, with 
dusky markings, or occasionally almost black. Both the 
larvae and the moths are nocturnal in their habits, and secrete 
themselves during the day, the moths in crevices of the bark 
of trees or other suitable hiding-places, while the larvae bury 
themselves under the ground in the neighborhood of the 
scene of their depredations. Their life-history is briefly 
told under No. 45, and need not be repeated here. It will 
sufiSce in this connection to refer to several representative 
species of the class which do not climb. 

The Greasy Cut-worm, Agrotis Yjmlon (Rott.). This larva, 
which is shown in Fig. 338, is of a deep dull-brown color, 
inclining to black, with paler longitudinal lines, a faint, 
broken, yellowish-white line along the back, and two other 
indistinct pale lines on each side ; there are also a few shining 
black dots on each segment. When full grown, it is about 
an inch and a half long. 



32S INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWS ERRF. 

The moth, also represented in the figure, has the fore wings 
brownish gray with darker markings, and patches of a paler 

color towards the a[)ex of the 
wing. The hind wings are al- 
most white, with a pearly lustre, 
and nearly semi-transparent. 
When the wings are spread, they 
measure about an inch and three- 
quarters across. 

The Striped Cat-worm,.47ro- 
tis subgothica (Ha worth). This 
caterpillar is of an ash -gray color, 
with broad, dark longitudinal 
lines, and several narrow lighter 
ones, and when full grown is nearly an inch and a half long. 
The moth is shown in Fig. 339 with its wings expanded, an<l 

Fig. 339. 





Fig. 340. 



also \\ith its wings closed. It is of a deep-brown color, with 
gravish, flesh-colored markings. Tiie 
markings are quite characteristic, and 
it should be easily recognized from 
the figures. 

The Ciieckered Rustic, Agrotis te.^- 
sellata Harris (Fig. 340), is of a darl<- 
ash color, with two pale spots on tiie 

front wings alternating with a trianguk\r and a nearly square 

black spot. 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



329 



The Glassy Cut- worm, Hadena dcvastatrlx (Brace). lu 
Fig. 341 we have a representation of the larva. It is of a 
shining green color, with a red head and a dark-ljrown, horny- 



FiG. 341. 



Fig. 342. 




looking shield on the next segment. On each ring there are 
a number of shining dots, from each of which arises a single 
short hair, as seen in the magnified segment below. The 
moth (Fig. 342) is of a dark ashen-gray color, marked with 
black and white spots, streaks, and dots; the hind wings are 
pale broM'nish gray. 

Many more examples of these cut-worms and their moths 
might be cited, but enough has been given to show their 
ffcneral characteristics. 

To subdue these insects is no ea.sy matter, since they do 
not usually eat the foliage in the manner that other cater- 
pillars do, but attack the plant at about the base, and, having 
cut it through, leave the greater portion of it to wilt and 
perish. Sprinkling tiie plants with air-slaked lime, ashes, 
or powdered hellebore, or showering them well with water 
containing Paris-green, in the proportion of one or two tea- 
spoonfuls to a pailful of water, would destroy many of them ; 
but the safest way is to catch and kill the enemy. Where 
a plant is seen suddenly to wilt and die, the author of the 
mischief can generally be found within a few inches of the 
plant destroyed, and a short distance below the surface of the 
ground. These larvse are all vigorously attacked by various 
species of parasites. 



330 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 



Fig. 343. 



No. 196.— The Spotted Paria. 

Paria sex-notata (Say). 

This is a small beetle, about three-tenths of an inch long, 
pale in color, — sometimes dark, — having the wing-covers 
spotted with black, and ornamented with regular rows of dots, 
which disap})ear towards the tip (see Fig. 343) ; beneath it is 
blackish. It is a stout insect, with a polished 
surface, and is very active in its movements, hop- 
ping briskly about when approached or disturbed. 
The beetle appears at the time when the fruit 
is partly grown, which, in the northern parts 
of the continent, is towards the end of May. 
When these insects are abundant, they devour the leaves of 
the plants with such avidity that they are soon completely 
riddled with holes, and the crop of fruit materially injured. 

Remedies. — On account of the advanced growth of the 
fruit when the beetle appears, it would be unsafe to use strong 
poisons, such as Paris-green. It would be much safer to use 
hellebore, and quite effectual ; probably air-slaked lime, soot, 
or ashes dusted on the foliage would also remedy the evil. 




Fig. 344. 



No. 197.— The Striped Flea-beetle. 

Phyllotreta vittata (Fabr.). 

This pretty little beetle, although most commonly found on 
young turnips and cabbages, is some- 
times found also eating the leaves of 
strawberry-plants. The beetle, which 
is shown magnified in Fig. 344, is 
less than one-tenth of an inch long, 
black, with a broad, wavy, yellowish 
stripe on each wing-cover. It is very 
active, leaping away to a considerable distance when an at- 
tempt is made to catch it. 

The larva, which is also shown in the figure, is found on the 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



331 



Fig. 345. 



roots of young cabbage-plants ; it is about one-third of an inch 
long, white, with a dusky line on the anterior half of its body. 
The head is pale brown, and on the posterior extremity is a 
brown spot equal to the head in size. When the larva reaches 
maturity, it forms a little earthen cocoon near its feeding- 
place, and in this transforms to a chrysalis (Fig. 344) of a 
whitish color, from which, in a few days, the beetle appears. 
The remedies recommended for the spotted Paria, No. 196, 
are equally applicable in this case. 

No. 198. — The Canadian Osmia. 

Osmia Canadensis Cresson. 

This is a small four-winged insect which occasionally proves 
destructive to strawberry-plants. In Fig. 345 it is shown much 
magnified; its natural size is 
indicated by the short line at 
the side of the figure. The 
head, thorax, and abdomen in 
both sexes are green, and more =; 
or less densely covered with 
short hairs, those on the tho- 
rax being longest. The wings 
are nearly transparent, with 
blackish veins. The female 
is larger than the male. 

These insects nibble away the leaves, chewing the fragments 
into a sort of pulp, and carrying it away to be used in the 
construction of their nests. The injury done to strawberry- 
plants by them is sometimes very marked. 

No. 199. — The Strawberry Leaf-stem Gall. 

This is an elongated gall, an inch or more in length, found 
on the stalk of the leaf of the strawberry near its base, pro- 
duced by an undetermined species of gall-fly. Its surface is 
irregular and its color red, while the internal structure is 
spongy. If these galls are opened about the middle of July, 




332 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 

there will be found in each, about the centre, a small, milk- 
white, footless grub, semi-transparent, with a smooth, glossy 
skin, a wrinkled surface, and a few fine, short hairs. Its jaws 
are pale brown, and its length at this period is about one- 
sixteenth of an inch, the body tapering a little towards each 
extremity. This insect doubtless changes to a chrysalis within 
the gall, from which the flies escape later in the season, or 
early the following spring. 

Ko. 200.— The Strawberry Saw-fly. 

Emphytus maculatus Norton. 

This insect in the perfect state is also a four-winged fly, 
which in the larval condition is very destructive to the leaves 
of tile strawberry. The accompanying figure, 346, illustrates 
the insect in its various stages ; 1 shows the under side of the 
chrysalis, 2 a side view of the same, 3 the perfect fly, all 

Fia. 346. 




magnified; 4 the larva crawling, 6 the same at rest, 5 the 
perfect insect with its wings closed, and 7 the cocoon, all of 
the natural size ; 8 one of the antennae, and 9 an egg, both 
magnified. The egg is placed within the substance of the 
stem of the leaf early in May by means of the peculiar saw- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 333 

like apparatus with which the female is provided. It is 
about one-thirtieth of an inch long, and of a white color ; 
its presence produces a slight swelling on the stalk, and by 
splitting the stalk so as to open the swelling the egg may be 
found. The eg-o-s alxsorb moisture from the stem and increase 
in size, and in about a fortnight hatch, when the young worms 
at once begin to feed on the leaves. At first they attract but 
little attention, as the holes they make in the leaves are small, 
but as they increase in size they often completely riddle the 
foliage and destroy its usefulness. 

When full grown, they are nearly three-fourths of an inch 
long, of a pale-greenish color, with a faint whitisli bloom. 
The skin is semi-transparent, revealing the movement of tiie 
internal organs, which show through as dark-greenish patches. 
There is a broken band along each side, of a deeper shade of 
green, and below this the body has a yellowish tint. The 
head is yellowish brown, with six black dots, the jaws dark 
brown, and the under surface yellowish. The larvae fall to 
the ground when disturbed. 

When mature, they burrow under the surface, and form 
oval cocoons by cementing together minute fragments of 
earth, and within these enclosures the remaining transforma- 
tions are completed, the insect finally issuing in the perfect 
or winged form. 

The fly is black, with two rows of large whitish spots upon 
the abdomen ; antennae black, legs brown. The wings, when 
spread, measure a little more than half an inch across. Those 
belonging to the first brood of larvse appear on the wing early 
in July, when eggs are deposited for a second brood, which 
are found during August. They complete their larval growth, 
enter the ground, and construct their earthen cells, in which 
they remain unchanged until the following spring, when they 
enter the chrysalis state and transform to flies within a few days. 

Remedies. — Hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water, 
showered on the vines in the proportions recommended under 
No. 181, will destroy them. 



334 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 

ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 

No. 201.— The Stalk-borer. 

Gortyna nitela Guenee. 

This larva, which is commonly found in the stalks of the 
potato and tomato, may be said to have a rather varied taste, 
as it also bores into the stalks of the dahlia, aster, and cockle- 
burr, the cob of the Indian corn, and the fruit of the straw- 
berry. In Fig. 347 we have a representation of the larva. 

Fig. 347. Fig. 348. 





When it leaves the fruit or other substance it has occupied, it 
descends a little below the surface of the earth, and in a few 
days changes to a brown chrysalis, from which the moth (Fig. 
348) emerges from about the end of August to the middle of 
September. 

In case this insect should so multiply as to require a 
remedy, hand-picking is the only one suggested. 



SUPPLEMENTAET LIST OF INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
APFEOT THE STRAWBEEEY. 

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 

The larva of the goldsmith beetle. No. 77, and also that 
of the May beetle, No. 113, attack the roots of the straw- 
berry. The latter, which is commonly known as the white 
grub, is frequently very destructive. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 335 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The oblique-banded leaf-roller, No, 35 ; the climbing cut- 
worms, No. 45 ; the horned, span-worm, No. 86 ; the grape- 
vine Colaspis, No. 153; and the currant Angerona, No. 210. 

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 

The flea-like negro-bug, No. 185, is not uncommon on the 
fruit of the strawberrv\ 



22 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED AND WHITE 
CURRANT. 

ATTACKING THE STEMS. 
No. 202. — The Imported Currant-borer. 

jEgeria tipuliformis Linn. 

This insect has for many years been a serious impediment 
in the way of successful currant-culture. It is an importa- 
tion from Europe, where it has long proved troublesome; in 
the larval state it burrows up and down the interior of the 
stems, making them so hollow and weak that they frequently 
break in the spring from tlie weight of foliage when swayed 
by the action of the wind. 

The parent of this destructive larva is a pretty, wasp-like 
moth (see Fig. 349), which measures, when its wings are ex- 
panded, about three-quarters of an inch across. 
Fig. 349. r^j^^ ^^^^^ j^ ^^ ^ bluish-black color, the abdo- 
men being crossed by three narrow golden bands, 
while on the thorax and at the base of the wings 
are streaks of a similar color. The wings are 
transparent, but veined and bordered with brown- 
ish black with a coppery lustre ; the bordering is widest on 
the front wings, which are also crossed by a band of the same 
color beyond the middle. The moth appears about the 
middle of June, when it may be found in the hot sunshine, 
darting about with a rapid flight, sipping the nectar of flowers 
or basking on the leaves, alternately expanding and closing 
its fan-like tail, or searching for suitable places in which to 
deposit its eggs. 

The female lays her eggs singly near the buds, where in a 
few days they hatch into small kirvfe, which eat their way to 
336 




ATTACKING THE STEMS. 



337 



Fig. 350. 




the centre of the stem, where they burrow up and down, 

feeding on the pith all through tJie summer, enlarging the 

channel as they grow older, until at 

last they have formed a hollow several 

inches in length. When full grown, 

the larva (6, Fig. 350) is whitish and 

fleshy, of a cylindrical form, with 

brown head and legs, and a dark line 

along the middle of its back. Before 

changing to a chrysalis, a passage is 

eaten nearly througii the stem, leaving merely tiie thin outer 

skin unbroken, thus preparing the way for the escape of the 

moth. 

Within this cavity tiie larva changes to a chrysalis {a, Fig. 
350, where both larva and chrysalis are shown magnified). 
Early in June the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, jmsh- 
ing against the thin skin covering its place of retreat, ruptures 
it, and then partly thrusts itself out of the opening, when in 
a short time the moth bursts its prison-house and escapes, 
soon depositing eggs*, from which larvae are hatched, which 
carry on the work of destruction. 

While this insect chiefly infests the red and white currant, 
it attacks the black currant also, and occasionally the goose- 
berry. Where the hollow stems do not break off, indications 
of the presence of the borers may be found in the sickly look 
of the leaves and the inferior size of the fruit. 

Remedies. — In the autumn or spring all stems found hollow 
should be cut out and burnt. During the period when the 
moths are on the wing they may often be captured and de- 
stroyed in the cool of the morning, at which time they are 
comparatively sluggish. 



No. 203. — The American Currant-borer. 

Psenocerus supernotahis (Say). 

This borer is the larva of a beetle, and, although belong- 
ing to an entirely different order from No. 202, is very 

22 




338 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 

similar in its habits, but it may be distinguished by its 
smaller size and by the absence of feet. It is a small, white, 
cylindrical, footless larva, with a brown head and black jaws, 
which also feeds upon the pith of the stems, rendering them 
hollow and often killing them. Usually several, and sometimes 
as many as eight or ten, of these borers are found within the 
same cane. The change to a chrysalis takes place within the 
stalk, and in the latter ])art of May or early in June the 
perfect insect escapes. 

This is a small, narrow, cylindrical, brownish beetle. (See 
Fig. 351, where it is represented magnitied, the outline figure 
at the side showing the natural size.) The 
Fig. Sol. wino;-cases are of a darker brown behind 

the middle ; there is a whitish dot on the 
anterior part of each elytron, and a large, 
slightly oblique, and sometimes crescent- 
shaped s})ot of the same color just behind 
the middle; the antennae are slender, and 
nearly as long as the body. The beetle flies during the day, 
but is much less active than No. 202, and hence more easily 
captured. The cutting out and burning of the infested stalks 
will be found of great advantage in this instance also. This 
borer is sometimes attacked by parasites. 

No. 204. — The Currant Bark-louse. 

Lecanium ribis Fitcli. 

Early in the spring there are sometimes seen on the 
bark of currant-stems brownish-yellow, hemispherical scales, 
about one-third of an inch in diameter, under which will be 
found a quantity of minute eggs: as the season advances, 
these hatch, when the young lice distribute themselves in all 
directions over the twigs, puncturing them with their beaks, 
and absorbing the sap. 

Another species, called the Circular Bark-louse, Aspidiotus 
circiilaris Fitch, is mentioned by Dr. Fitch as occurring on 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



339 



ciirraut-stalks in the form of minute, circular, flat scales, 
about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter. 

These lice may be removed by scraping the stems or 
applying to them a strong alkaline wash. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



Fig. 352. 



No. 205. — The Imported Currant-worm. 

Nematus ventricosus King. 

This is the larva of one of the saw-flies, and is perhaps 
the most troublesome of all the insects the currant-grower 
has to encounter. It is a 
European insect, first noticed 
in America in 1858, and 
within the comparatively 
brief period which has since 
elapsed it has spread over 
a large portion of the conti- 
nent. This insect usually 
passes t!ie winter in the 
chrysalis condition, but occa- 
sionally in the larval state. 

Very early in the spring 
the flies appear. The two 
sexes difi^er materially in ap- 
jiearance. In Fig. 352, a ' 
represents the male, and h the 
female, both enlarged, the lines at the side indicating their 
natural size. The male approaches the common house-fly 
in size, but the body is scarcely so robust, and the wings, four 
in number, are more glossy. Its body is l)lack, with a few 
dull-yellow spots above, the under side of the abdomen being 
yellowish and the legs bright yellow ; the veins of the wings 




340 I^'SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 



Tig. 353. 



are black or brownish black. The female is larger than the 
male, and differs in the color of its body, being mostly yellow 
instead of black. These flies are active only during the 
warmer parts of the day ; at other times they are quiet or 
almost torpid. 

Within a few days the female deposits her eggs on the 
under side of the leaves on the larger veins in rows, as 
shown in Fig. 353. When first laid, they are about one- 
thirtieth of an inch long, 
but they either absorb 
moisture from the leaf, 
or else the ex})ansion is 
due to the development 
of the enclosed larva, and 
within four or five days 
7" they increase in length 
'' to about one-twentieth 
of an inch, are rounded 
at each end, whitish and 
glossy. In about ten 
days the young larva 
hatches, and it is then 
about one-twelfth of an 
inch long, of a whitish color, with a large head, having a 
dark, round spot on each side of it. At first they eat small 
holes in the leaves, as shown at 2 and 3 in the figure, feeding 
in companies of from twenty to forty on a leaf, so that soon 
the leaf is completely destroyed, all its soft jxu'ts being con- 
sumed, and nothing but the skeleton frame-work remaining. 
Shortl}^ they increase in size, and, parting company, spread in 
all directions over the bush, first changing to a green color, 
then to green with many black dots, and finally to plain green 
again, tinged with yellow at the extremities, just before the 
change to the chrysalis takes place. When from half to two- 
thirds grown, they are extremely voracious, and will, when 
numerous, often strip an entire bush of its leaves in the course 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



341 



Fig. 354. 




of two or three days. They are represented at this stage of their 
growth in Fig. 354. When mature, they are about three-quar- 
ters of an inch long, at 
which time they seek for 
a suitable spot in wlii(;li 
to form their cocoons. 

These are sometimes 
made among dry leaves 
or rubbish on the sur- 
face of the ground, 
sometimes under the 
ground, and occasion- 
ally attached to tlu 
stems or leaves of the 
bush on which they 
have fed. The loca- 
tion once fixed on, the 
larva begins to contract in length, and spins a cocoon over 
itself, which, when linished, is nearly oval, smooth, of a 
brownish color and i)apery texture, within wiiich it changes 
to a small, delicate, whitish-green chrysalis, very tran.sparent, 
with the encased limbs and wings of the future fly distinctly 
visible, from which tlie fly escapes late in June or early in 
July. Soon again eggs are deposited, from which another 
brood of larvse are sent forth on their destructive mission, 
completing their growth before summer closes, and in most 
instances changing to chrysalids before winter. 

The flies composing the separate broods do not all appear 
at once ; some are weeks later than others, keeping up a reg- 
ular succession, and making continual watchfulness neces.sary 
in order to save the foliage from destruction. They feed on 
the cultivated gooseberry as readily as on the currant, and 
also on the wild varieties of gooseberry. 

Remedies. — A minute parasitic fly has been found attacking 
the eggs by Prof. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., closely resem- 
bling, if not identical with, the insect represented in Fig. 181. 




342 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 

The ])i'esence of this parasite may be detected by the dis- 
coloration of the eggs, which become brown. A species of 
Ichneumon, Hemiteles n&mativorus Walsh, is parasitic on the 
caterpillar, while the placid soldier-bug, Podisus placidus 
Uhler, also destroys the larva. This friendly insect, which is 
shown magnified at a in Fig. 355, and of 
Fig. 3 or). ^j^g natural size in the outline below, has the 

head, thorax, and legs black, and the ab- 
domen red, with an elongated black spot 
in the centre, crossed by a whitish line. It 
approaches a caterpillar, thrusts its pro- 
boscis into its victim, and sucks it until it 
shrivels and dies. An average-sized bug 
will consume several of these larv^ne every 
day, and, where they are plentiful, must 
prove a material check to the increase of 
the saw-fly. The aphis lions, the larvae 
of the gauze-wing flies, Chrysopa (see Fig. 132, under No. 
57), also devour them. 

Notwithstanding these various aids auiong insects, it is 
usually necessary to employ other remedial measures, and 
nothing is more efficient than powdered hellebore mixed with 
water, in the proportion of an ounce to a pailful, and sprinkled 
freely on the bushes. If thoroughly applied, most of the 
larvse will be found dead or dying within an hour afterwards. 
If hellebore is not at hand, hot water may be used, a little 
hotter than one can bear the hand in, showered plentifully on 
the bushes. This will not injure the foliage, but will dislodge 
most of the larvae, and when on the ground they can be trod- 
den on and destroyed. Hand-picking may also be resorted to, 
especially while the insects are young and feeding in groups 
of twenty to forty on a leaf. An experienced eye will soon 
detect them, usually on the lower leaves of the bushes, the 
little holes in the leaves aiding in their discovery. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



343 



Fu.i. 356. 




No. 206.— The Native Currant Saw-fly. 

PristiplLora gj-ussuhaice Walsh. 

Although this is not a very common insect, it has been 
reported as destructive from several localities. In its per- 
fect state it is also a saw-fly, resembling the imported species 
(.see b, Fig. 356), yet there are differences which the entomolo- 
gist can readily de- 
tect, that place this 
insect in a different 
genus ; such as the 
arrangement of the 
veins on the wings, 
the close resemblance 
of the sexes, and the 
marked difference in 
the relative size of 
the two insects, the native species being but two-thirds the 
size of the imported one in all its various stages. 

The larva (a. Fig. 356) of this si)ecies is always green, and 
is never ornamented with black spots, which are so numerous 
on the imported insect as it approaches maturity; neither do 
the young larvse gather in large numbers on one particular 
leaf, but are from the first scattered over the bushes. There 
are two broods in the year ; the first one may be looked for 
about the end of June, and the second during the latter part 
of August. 

The cocoons, which are similar in appearance to those of 
the imported saw-fly, but smaller, are usually constructed 
among the twigs and leaves of the bush on which the larvae 
have fed. 

The winged insects, of which the female is represented in 
the figure, have the body black, with yellow markings ; the 
second brood are said to come out of chrysalis the same 
season, which, if correct, involves the conclusion that the 



344 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 

eggs are laid on the stems of the currant-bushes late in the 
autumn. 

Where these insects prove troublesome, they may be subdued 
with the same remedies as are recommended for No, 205. 

No. 207.— The Ohio Currant Saw-fly. 

Pristiphora riifipes St. Fariceau. 

This insect is referred to in Dr. Fitch's twelfth "Annual 
Report" as entomologist for New York State, as occurring in 
the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1858. The larvae are of 
a pea-gieeu color, with black heads; they live together in 
clusters, and eat the leaves, beginning at the edge and de- 
vouring all except the coarser veins. As they move they 
spin a very liglit web from leaf to leaf, and they are said to 
let themselves down to the ground, when disturbed, by a fine 
thread of silk. When mature, they are three-eighths of an 
inch long, the segments of the body are slightly wrinkled, 
and along each side is a row of protuberances or warts of the 
same color as the body. When ready for their next change, 
they enter the ground and form small oval cocoons, within 
which they change to chrysalids. 

The fly is black, with transparent wings and light-brown 
legs. 

No. 208. — The Currant Span-worm. 
Eiifitchia ribearia ( Fi tcli ) . 

In many districts this is a very common insect; it may be 
easily distinguished from the saw-fly caterpillars by its pecu- 
liar mode of progression, arching its body into a loop at 
every step ; in Fig. 357 the larva is represented in various 
attitudes. Wiien disturbed, it lowers itself suddenly by a 
silken thread from the bush on which it has been feeding, 
and remains suspended in mid-air until the threatened dan- 
ger is past, when it regains its former position. It is a native 
insect, and is frequently found on the wild currant and goose- 
berry bushes in the woods. AVhen full grown, the caterpillar 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



345 



Fig. 357. 



measures an inch or more in length, is of a whitish color, with 
a wide yellow stripe down the back, another of the same char- 
acter along each side, 
and a number of black 
spots of different sizes 
upon each segment. 
The under side is 
white with a slight 
tinge of pink, is also 
spotted with black, 
and has a wide yellow 
stripe down the mid- 
dle. There is but one 
brood of this insect in 
a year ; hence there is 
no probability of its 
ever becoming so for- 
midable a pest as the 
imported saw-fly. 
The eggs, which are 

very pretty (see Fig. 

358, which shows one much magnified at a, and others of 

tiie natural size at 6), are attached to the stems and twigs in 

the autumn, and remain in this contlition 

until spring, wiien they hatch about the 

time the bushes are in full leaf, the larvce 

attaining their full growth within three 

or four weeks. When ready for their 

next change, they descend to the ground, 

and, having penetrated a short distance 

under the surface, change to dark-brown 

chrysalids about half an inch long (see 3, 

Fig. 357), in which condition they remain two or tliree weeks 

or more, when the perfect insects are liberated. 

The moth (Fig. 359) is of a pale-yellowish color, with 

several dusi^y spots, which vary in size and form, being more 






346 I^^SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 

prominent in some specimens tlian in others, forming some- 
times one or two irregular bands across the wings. When 
expanded, the wings measure about 
FrG. 3oO. j^j^ Jj^pIj j^j^j j^ q^^^jj-^er across. Within 

a brief period the female deposits her 
eggs for the next year's brood on the 
twigs and branches, where they en- 
dure the heat of the remaining por- 
*^- >h,r«»^ '^'V.-.-tfd^ tion of the summer without hatching, 
and the piercing cold of the succeed- 
ing winter without injury, awaiting the arrival of their proper 
time for development the following spring. 

Remedies. — Powdered hellebore, which is so speedy and 
certain a remedy in the ease of the saw-flies, does not act with 
the same promptitude in this instance. This larva seems to 
be much hardier and more difficult to destroy with poisonous 
substances; hence, if hellebore is used, the liquid should be 
made tAvice or three times the usual strength. Paris-green is 
more certain and effectual where there is no objection to its 
use. Hand-picking is more practicable with this larva, on 
account of its habit of letting itself down by a strong silken 
thread and remaining suspended; and if after striking the 
bush a forked stick is passed all around under it, all the 
hanging threads may be caught, and the larvae drawn out in 
groups and crushed with the foot. This insect is quite de- 
structive to the black currant, and also to the gooseberry. 

No. 209. — The Spinous Currant Caterpillar. 

Grapia progne (Cram.). 

The parent of this caterpillar is a very handsome but- 
terfly, which is shown in Fig. 360 ; the pair of wings 
which are attached to the body show the upper surface, the 
detached pair the under surface. Above, the fore wings are 
of a dull reddish orange, widely bordered on the outer edge 
with dark brown, while within there are many spots of brown 
and black. The hind wings are dark brown, tinged with red 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



347 




behind, shading into reddish towards the front. The under 
side of both wings is dark brown, traversed by many grayish 
lilies and streaks, and on 

the anterior pair there is ^^^- ^^^■ 

a A'ery wide band towards 
the outer edge of a paler 
color. The wings are very 
irregular in outline, with 
many notches and promi- 
nences; when expanded, 
they measure an inch and 
a half or more across. 
This butterfly passes the winter in the perfect or winged state, 
hiding in some sheltered nook, where it remains torpid during 
the winter, awakening to life again with the genial warmth 
of spring. It may be found very early in the season skip- 
ping about with a peculiar jerky flight around the openings 
in woods, occasionally resting on the sunny side of a tree, or 
stopping to sip the sweet juice exuding from the stump of 
a freshly-cut tree. 

The eggs are laid on currant and gooseberry bushes, both 
wild and cultivated, and when hatched tlie larvse do not feed 
in groups, but singly on the leaves. When full grown, they 
are about an inch and a quarter long, and vary in color from 
a light brown to a dull greenish yellow, with narrow black 
and yellow lines. The body is thickly covered with long 
branching spines, which also vary in hue, some being yellow, 
others orange, and some dark brown, many of their branches 
being tipped with black. 

When full grown, the larva seeks some secluded spot in 
which to change to a chrysalis; sometimes the under side 
of a leaf or twig is selected, and there, after spinning on the 
surface a small web of silk, its hind legs are hooked in the 
fibres, and it remains suspended head downwards. The body 
soon contracts in length, and in two or three days the cater- 
pillar skin is shed, and a rugged, angular-looking chrysalis 



348 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CUBE A NT. 

appears, of a brown color prettily ornamenled with silvery 
spots. After remaining in the pupal condition from one to 
two weeks, the time varying with the heat of the weather, 
the butterfly appears. 

There are two broods during the season, the larvse of the 
first one appearing late in June, those of the second maturing 
early enough in the autumn to admit of the escape of the 
butterfly before severe frost occurs. This insect rarely appears 
in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome; should it become 
numerous, hellebore and water would no doubt prove an 
efficient remedy, or the larvae might be subdued by hand- 
picking, 

No, 210. — The Currant Angerona. 

Angerona crocataria (Fabr.). 

The moth from which this caterpillar is produced is usually 
quite common, but the larva, although often found feeding on 
currant leaves, feeds upon the gooseberry, strawberry, and other 
plants besides, and hence is seldom sufficiently abundant on 

currant-bushes to attract much 
Fig. 361. attention. The accompanying 

figure, 361, represents the larva 
a little more than two-thirds 
grown, feeding on a gooseberry 
leaf. At this period it does 
not differ materially from the 
full-grown larva except in size. 
When mature, it is about an inch and a half long or more, 
tapering towards the front. It is of a yellowish-green color, 
with an indistinct whitish line down the back, and a rather 
broad whitish streak "on each side below the si)iracles, bordered 
above with faint purple, which increases in depth of color on 
the hinder segments and becomes a purple stripe on the last 
one. The spiracles are white, edged with purple; each seg- 
ment of the body has its anterior ])ortion swollen and yellow- 
ish, and on most of the segments there are a few minute black 
dots. 





ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 349 

When tlie larva has attaine<l its full size, it draws together 
the edges of a leaf half-way or more, and, forming a slight 
net-work of silken threads, changes to a chrysalis of a dark 
olive-green color, with a pale-greenish abdomen, a row of 
black dots down the back, and another on each side, from 
which in about ten days or a fortnight the perfect insect 
appears. 

The moth (Fig. 362) is a native of America; it flies by 
day, and may often be seen on the wing about openings in 
the borders of the forest. Its 
wings are yellow, varjnng in • ^^'■• 

shade from deep to pale, with 
■dusky si)ots and dots sometimes 
few in immber, while in other 
specimens they are very numer- / '*^ r \ 

ous, the larger ones being so ar- "'^ 
ranged as to form an imperfect *'* ^ 

band across the wings. The 

under side is usually a little deeper in color than the upper, 
and, when the wings are expanded, they measure nearly an 
inch- and a half across. 

In its native haunts the larva probably feeds on the wild 
currant, gooseberry, and strawberry. Although a common 
insect, this is rarely complained of as injurious; should it 
become so, the remedies recommended for No. 181 would no 
doubt be found efficient. 

No. 211. — The Currant Amphidasys. 

Amphidasys cognataria Gucnee. 

The larva of this insect is also a meaanring-worm or looper, 
and, although seldom found in sufficient numbers to prove 
destructive, instances are on record where currant-bushes have 
been almost stripped of their leaves by them. The larva, 
when full grown, is about two inches long, and may, when 
not feeding, usually be found clinging to one of the leaves 
or branches by its hind legs, with its body extended straight 



350 I^^SKC/S INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 

out, SO that it might easily be mistaken for the stem of a leaf. 
Its body is pale green, with a darker, interrupted green line 
down the back, indistinct, broken transverse lines of the same 
color, and a yellow cross line on the posterior end of each 
segment. There are two small tubercles on the segment im- 
mediately behind the head, and the body is dotted with very 
small whitish tubercles and a few short black hairs. In 
some specimens there is a small brown tubercle on each side 
behind the middle, and a purplish-brown ridge on the last 
segment. 

When mature, the larva descends to the ground and buries 
itself in the earth, where it eventually changes to a chrysalis 

about seven-tenths of an 
^10. 363. inch long and of a dark- 

brown color, from which 
the moth escapes the fol- 
lowing spring. 

Til is is a handsome 
moth (see Fig. 363), which, 
when its wings are spread, 
will measure two inclies or more across. Both fore and hind 
wings are gniy, dotted and streaked with black, and with a 
Avavy light band crossing the wangs beyond the middle. The 
under surface is paler than the upper; the body gray, dotted 
with black. 

This insect is a very general feeder, and on that account is 
not likely ever to ])rove very destructive to the currant; it 
has been found feeding also on the plum, Missouri currant, 
red spirea, and maple. 

No. 212.— The Four-striped Plant-bug. 

Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.abr.). 

This is a bright-yellow bug, about three-tenths of an inch 
long, with black antennic and two black stripes on each of 
its wing-covers, the outer one on each side terminating in a 
black dot. In Fig. 3()4 this insect is represented magnified. 





ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 35] 

with an outline the natural size. It j)unctures the young 
leaves of the currant-bushes on both their u])per and under 
surfaces, causing small brown spots, not much larger than 
pin-heads, but these are sometimes so numerous and closely 
placed that the leaves become completely withered. The in- 
sects are very active, and when approached 
drop quickly to the ground or fly away. J^^if*- '■''■''-^■ 

Tliey begin to feed in May or June, and 
continue for a month or two, often dis- 
figuring the bushes very much and retard- 
ing their growth. When very trouble- 
some, they may be captured by visiting 
the bushes early in the morning, and, while torpid with cold, 
brushing them off into a pail partly filled with water on which 
a little coal-oil has been poured. They do not confine their 
attacks to currant-bushes, but often injure the dahlia by punc- 
turing the flower-stems and causing them to wither; they 
also affect the weigelia, the deutzia, and other shrubs. 

No. 213.— The Currant Plant-louse. 

Aphis rihis Linn. 

Towards midsummer there often appear on the leaves of 
red-currant bushes blister-like elevations of a brownish-red 
color, while on their under sides are corresponding hollows, 
in which will be found a multitude of lice, some of a pale- 
yellowish color, without wings, others with transparent wings, 
and bodies marked with black. 

In the position these insects occupy they are very difficult 
to destroy, except by hand-picking the leaves and burning 
them. A few lady-birds, such as are referred to under No. 
57, introduced among them, will speedily lessen their num- 
bers. These lice rarely inflict any serious injury, but for a 
time give the bushes an unsightly and diseased appearance: 
they are an importation from Europe, where they have long 
been injurious to the currant. 



352 I^^SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 

ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 

No. 214. — The Currant Fruit-worm. 

Eupithecia interrnptofasciata Packard. 

This insect is readily distinguished from the gooseberry 
fruit-worm by the number of its legs, which are only ten, 
while the gooseberry fruit-worm has sixteen. The currant 
fruit-worm is a span-worm ; that is, it arches its body, when 
in motion, with every step. When full grown, it is about 
five-eighths of an inch long, and varies in its color and mark- 
ings. Its body is pale greenish-ash, or yellowish green, with 
a dark-colored line down the back, and another on each side, 
but occasionally this latter is wanting. Sometimes there is 
a row of dark-colored, lozenge-shaped spots along the dorsal 
line, and in some instances there is a second lateral line lower 
down the side. On the hinder part of the terminal segment 
there are two short greenish s})ines. The head varies in color 
from yellowish or greenish to light brown ; the under side of 
the body is white or pale greenish, with a yellow line in the 
middle. 

When full grown, it draws several leaves or other suitable 
protecting material together, fastens them with silken threads, 
and within the enclosure changes to a chrysalis, from which 
eventually the moth escapes. 

The fore wings of the moth are of a bluish-gray color, 
with a bluish dot near the centre of each, and a dark line 
crossing them immediately beyond the dot. 

No. 215.— The Currant Fly. 

Epochra Canadensis (Loew). 

This insect is occasionally found attacking the fruit of 
both the red and the white currant. In its perfect state it is 
a small two-winged fly, which lays its eggs on the currants 
while they are small; the larva enters them while still green, 
and feeds on their contents, leaving a round, black scar at 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 353 

tiie point of entry. The affected currants ripen })remature]y, 
and shortly decay and di'op to the ground, when, on opening 
them, there will be found in each a small white grub, about 
one-third of an inch long, which, when mature, leaves the cur- 
rant and probably passes the chrysalis state under the ground. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AEPECT THE RED AND WHITE CURRANT. 

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

The oyster-shell bark-louse, No. 16, so common on the 
apple, is sometimes very destructive to currant-bushes. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The fall web-worra, No. 27 ; the Cecropia emperor-moth, 
No. 28 ; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the saddle- 
back caterpillar, No. 49 ; the lo emperor-moth. No. 112 ; the 
yellow woolly-bear. No. 146 ; and the currant Endropia, 
No. 216, are all found feeding on currant leaves. 

ATTACKING THE FEUIT. 

The gooseberry fruit- worm. No. 219. 



23 



^ 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

No. 216. — The Currant Endropia. 

Enclropia armataria (Herr. Sch.). 

About the middle of July there will sometimes be found 
on black-currant bushes small, nearly black, geometric cat- 
erpillars, dotted and marked with pale yellow, and with a 
series of crescent-shaped whitish spots down the back, and a 
row of raised dark-brown dots along each side, those on the 
hinder segments tipped with yellow, while on the last segment 
there is a fleshy hump or prominence composed of two round 
tubercles. When full grown, this larva is about three-quarters 
of an inch long, when it constructs a slight web, interweaving 
portions of dead leaves or other rubbish, and within this 
changes to a brown chrysalis, in which condition it remains 
throughout the winter, producing the perfect insect the fol- 
lowing June. 

The moth is represented in Fig. 365, about the natural 
size. Its wings are yellowish brown shaded W'ith purple, es- 
pecially on the hind wings, and with 
^^^- ''^■'^- streaks and dots of a deeper shade of 

I ~^- - brown. The under surface is deep 

yellow, dotted and streaked with red- 
dish brown. 

This insect is by no means common, 

and hence is never likely to prove 

generally injurious to currant-bushes. Although it prefers 

the black curl-ant, it feeds also on the leaves of the red 

currant. 

354 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



355 



Fig. 36G. 




No. 217.— The Red Spider. 

Teiraniichns telarius (Linn.). 

This is a very small mite, which often proves a serious pest 
to gardeners, especially to those who cultivate plants under 
glass. Occasionally, in dry weather, it attacks the leaves of 
the black currant and destroys them. Fig. 366 represents 
the male of this species, very much 
enlarged, the mite itself being 
scarcely visible to the unaided eye ; 
the small dot within the circle at 
the side of the figure indicates the 
natural size of the insect. It spins 
a web on the under side of the 
leaves, of threads so slender as 
to be scarcely visible even with 
an ordinary magnifying-glass until 
woven into a net-work. Under 
this shelter will be found a colony, 
consisting of mature individuals of 
both sexes and young mites of all 
ages. By the aid of their jaws, 
which are not unlike the beak of a bird, they tear away the 
surface of the leaf, and plunge their beaks into the wound 
and suck the juice. 

The egg of this mite is nearly round, and colorless; the 
larva is a minute, transparent object, not unlike its parent, 
but it has only six legs, and creeps along slowly. The mature 
mites have eight legs, and vary much in color, some being 
greenish marked with brown specks, others rust-colored or 
reddish, and many of them brick-red. 

The leaves attacked soon indicate the presence of this in- 
vader by their sickly hue ; the sap being sucked by a mul- 
titude of tiny mouths, they soon assume a yellowish cast, 
with patches of a grayish or lighter shade ; and if the mite is 
allowed to pursue its course unchecked, the foliage becomes 







356 I^^SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT. 

much injured, and sometimes is destroyed. It is said to pass 
the winter under stones, concealing itself there when the leaves 
on which it has fed have fallen. 

Remedies. — Various preparations of sulphur and soap have 
been recommended, used separately or together, mixed with 
water, and applied to the bushes with a syringe. Plain soap 
and water, or water alone, freely applied, is regarded by some 
as efficient, as the insect is known to thrive best in a dry at- 
mosphere. In applying any liquid, it is necessary to wet the 
under side of the leaves in order to make the application 
effectual, since if applied to the upper surface only the mites 
would remain uninjured beneath. 



SUPPLEMENTAET LIST OF INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AEEECT THE BLACK CUEEANT. 

ATTACKING THE STEMS. 

The imported currant-borer, No. 202. 

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 

The currant span-worm, No. 208. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBEKRY. 

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 

No. 218.— The Mealy Flata. 

Pceciloptera pruinosa Say. 

This is a small, four-winged bug, which attacks the suc- 
culent shoots of the gooseberry, and sometimes the leaves, 
sucking the juices. It is wedge-shaped, about one-third of an 
inch long, almost twice as high as wide, of a dusky bluish 
color, covered with white, meal-like powder, its 
wing-covers showing some faint white dots, and 
near their base three or four dusky ones. 

The insect is shown in Fig. 367 ; it is not con- 
fined to the gooseberry, but is found on the grape, also on the 
privet and on various other shrubs. 



ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 

No. 219. — The Gooseberry Fruit-worm. 

Dakmma convoluteUa (HUbn.). 

This injurious insect spends the winter in the chrysalis state, 
enclosed in a snug, brown, papery-looking cocoon, shown at a 
in Fig. 368, which is hidden among leaves or other rubbish on 
the surface of the ground. During the 
latter part of April the moth appears. 
(See 6, Fig. 368.) Its wings, when 
expanded, measure nearly an inch 
across. The fore wings are pale gray, 
with dark streaks and bands ; there 
is a ti'ansverse diffuse band a short distance from the base of 
the wing, enclosing an irregular whitish line, which terminates 

357 




358 IJS'SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBERRY 



l)efore it reaches the front edge of the wiug. jS^ear the outer 
edge is another transverse band, enclosing a whitish zigzag 
line; there is also a row of blackish dots within the outer 
margin, while the veins and their branches are white ; the 
hind wings are paler and dusky. The head, antennte, body, 
and legs are all pale gray, whiter below than above. 

The insect deposits its eggs on the young gooseberries 
shortly after they are set. The egg soon hatches, when the 
young larva burrows into the berry, where it remains safely 
lodged ; as it increases in size it fastens several of the berries 
together with silken threads, sometimes biting the stems off 
some of the berries, so that they may be more readily 
brought into the desired position, and within this retreat 
revels on their substance at its leisure. The larva makes but 
one hole in a berry, and that barely large enough to admit 
its body. When disturbed, it displays great activity, and 
works its way backwards out of the fruit very quickly, and 
drops part way or entirely to the ground by a silken thread, 
by means of which, when danger is past, it is enabled to 
recover its former position. It is shown, suspended and on 
the fruit, in Fig. 369. When fully grown, this intruder is 

about three-quarters of an 
inch long, the body thick- 
est in the middle, tapering 
slightly towards each ex- 
tremity. It is of a pale- 
green color, sometimes 
with a yellowish or red- 
dish tint, glossy and 
semi-transparent. The 
head is small, pale brown, 
and horny-looking, and on the upper surface of the next 
segment is a patch of the same color and appearance. 

When ready for its next change, which is usually before 
the fruit ripens* it lowers itself to the ground, and there 
spins its little silken cocoon among leaves or rubbish, as 



Fig. 369. 




ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 359 

already stated, and remains as a small, brown chrysalis within 
the cocoon until the following spring. There is only one 
brood of these insects during the year. 

The infested fruit soon indicates the presence of the larva 
by becoming discolored, and, if sufficiently grown, it ripens 
prematurely, otherwise it becomes of a dull whitish color, 
and soon withers. This pest also attacks the wild gooseberry, 
as well as the currant, both the white and the red variety. In 
this latter case, since the fruit is not large enough to contain 
the body of the larva, it_ draws the clusters together, and, 
fastening the berries to each other with silken threads, lives 
within the enclosure. 

Remedies. — The most satisfactory method of destroying 
this insect is by hand-picking, and its habits are such that 
its presence is easily detected. Any berries found color- 
ing prematurely should be carefully examined, and, as the 
larvse slip out and fall to the ground very quickly, watch- 
fulness is needed to prevent their escape in this manner. 
Where neglected, they often increase to an alarming extent, 
and in some instances half the crop or more has been 
destroyed by them. It is recommended to let chickens 
run among the bushes after the fruit has been gathered, 
so that they may devour tlie chrysalids ; any leaves or 
rubbish under the bushes should also be gathered and burnt, 
and a little lime or ashes scattered over the ground in their 
pliKie. Dusting the bushes freely with air-slaked lime early 
in the spring, and renewing it if washed oif by rain, will also 
in great measure deter the moths from depositing their eggs on 
the young fruit then forming. 

No. 220. — The Gooseberry Midge. 

Cecidomyla (jrossularke Fiteh. 

This second enemy to the fruit is a very small, two-wiiiged 
fly, which punctures the young gooseberry and deposits its 
tiny eggs therein. These eggs develop into minute, bright- 
vellow larvae of an oldong-oval form, much resembling the 



360 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBERRY. 

midge which is found in the ear of wheat. The larva 
changes to a pupa within the fruit, and the perfect fly escapes 
during tlie latter part of July. 

The fly is scarcely one-tenth of an inch long, measuring 
from the head to the tips of its closed wings ; it is of a pale- 
yellow color, with black eyes, blackish antennpe, and trans- 
parent wings tinged with dusky brown. 

It is probable that those flies which come out during the 
latter part of July deposit eggs for a second brood in some 
later fruit or other suitable substance, and that the larvae 
mature, change to chrysalids, and pass the winter under 
ground, producing flies the following spring. 

Remedies. — 'All fruit found prematurely decaying or as- 
suming an appearance of ripeness before the time of ripening 
should be gathered and burnt, with all fallen gooseberries. 
By careful attention to this matter both of the insects which 
injure the fruit may be kept in subjection. 



SUPPLEMENTAET LIST OP INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
AFPECT THE GOOSEBEEET. 

ATTACKIJSG THE LEAVES. 

The imported currant-worm, No. 205 ; the currant span- 
worm, No. 208; and the spinous currant caterpillar. No. 
209, all feed on the leaves of the gooseberry as freely as they 
do on those of the currant. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 

No. 221. — The Squash-vine Borer. 

^geria (mcurbitoe Harris. 

This borer is the larva of a moth belonging to the group 
known as Egerians, or Clear-wings, which have the greater 
portion of their Avings transparent, and hence closely re- 
semble wasps. They are active in the daytime, and enjoy 
the warmth of the summer's sun. 

The moth, which is represented in Fig. ^^g- ^70. 

370, is a very pretty object. Its body is 
about half an inch long, orange-colored or 
tawny, with four or five black spots down 
the back ; the fore wings are olive-brown 
and opaque, the hind wings transparent, 
except the margins and veins; the hind 
legs are densely fringed witli long reddish and black hairs, 
and the wings, when expanded, measure an inch or more across. 

This active enemy deposits her eggs on the stems of the 
young vines near the roots about the time they begin to run, 
or soon after, where the young larva, when hatched, bores 
into the stem and devours the interior. The full-grown larva 
(Fig. 371) is about an inch long, tapering 
towards each extremity, soft, of a whitish F'l"- 3"i- 

color, and semi-transparent, with a dark 
line down the back, caused by the internal 
organs showing through the transparent 
skin ; there are a few short hairs on each segment, arising 
singly from small, hard, warty points. The head is small, 
of a brown color, and there is a patch of a similar shade 
on the next segment. 

361 





362 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 

When full grown, the larva leaves the plant and seeks 
shelter under the earth, where it forms an oblong-oval cocoon 
(Fig. 372) of particles of earth f^istened 
together with gummy silk, within which it 
transforms to a shining, brown chrysalis, 
which remains unchanged until the follow- 
ing season. When the perfect insect is about 
to escape, the chrysalis wriggles itself part way out of the 
cocoon, so that the moth when freed from the chrysalis shell 
may find no further obstacle to its exit. 

The presence of this borer in the vines is soon manifested 
by a sickly appearance and a drooping of the foliage, M'hich, 
if the cause is not removed, soon results in withering and 
death. Whenever a vine becomes unhealthy, the stems should 
be examined, and cut into if necessary, to remove the lurk- 
ing enemy. The moths may be prevented from depositing 
their eggs by lightly banking up the young vines with earth, 
as they grow, as far as the first blossoms. When once the 
larva is within the stem, no other remedy than the knife is 
of much service. 



ATTACKING THE STEMS. 

No. 222. — The Striped Squash Beetle. 

Diahrotica vittata (Fal)r.). 

This is a troublesome enemy to the melon -grower, and is 
destructive not only to the melon, but also to the squash and 
cucumber, boring in the caterpillar state into the 
' '• lower part of the stem, and sometimes down into 
the root, Avhile the perfect beetle feeds on the tender 
leaves of the young plants, and injures the buds and 
young shoots of later growth. 

The parent beetle, shown in Fig. 373, magnified, 
makes its appearance very early in the season, as soon as the 
young seed-leaves of the vines are above ground, and some- 




ATTACKING THE STEMS. 



363 



Fig. 



times even penetrates the earth a little in search of the sprout- 
ing seeds. The female deposits her eggs on the stem of the 
vine, just above or below the surface, and from the egg is soon 
hatched a young larva, which eats its way to the centre of the 
stem and consumes its substance. When full grown, it is about 
four-tenths of an inch long, slender, but little thicker than 
an ordinary pin, of a whitish color, 
with a small, brownish head, and 
the end of the body suddenly trun- 
cated. Fig. 374 siiows this larva 
highly magnified; a a back view, 
b a side view. The first brood of 
the larvpe mature in June and July, j- 
or in about a month after the eggs.i 
are laid; they then leave the vines | 
and penetrate into the earth, where 
each one forms a little cavity for 
itself, in which it changes to a 
chrysalis. Both back and front 
views of the chrysalis are given in 
Fig. 375, magnified. It is about 

one-fifth of an inch long, of a whitish color, with two spines at 
the extremity of the abdomen. After remaining in the pupal 
state about a fortnight, the perfect insect escapes, and works 
its way out of tlie cell and up to the surface of the ground. 

The beetle is about a quarter of an inch long, of a bright- 
yellow color, with a black head, and broad stripes of black on 
the wing-covers, which are also punctated 
with rows of dots. The feet and the under 
side of the abdomen are black. There 
are two or three broods during the year, 
and the larva has been found in the stems 
of the melon-vines as late as October. 
The winter is passed in the ground in the chrysalis state. 
The beetles may often be found in considerable numbers in 
the autumn in the flowers of melon, squash, and pumpkin 



Fig. 




364 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 

vines, feeding on the pollen and other portions of the flower. 
They have also been known to attack the blossoms of the pear 
and cherry. 

Remedies. — The best remedy is to prevent the access of the 
beetle by covering the young vines with small boxes, open at 
the bottom and covered at the top with muslin. Sprinkling 
the vines with a mixture of Paris-green and flour, in the 
proportion of one part of the former to twenty parts of the 
latter, air slaked lime, plaster of Paris, soot, and ashes, have 
all been recommended and used with more or less advantage. 
The larvae should also be searched for and destroyed; the 
time to look for the first brood is when the vine is beginning 
to run. If the stem close to the root, and the root itself, are 
found smooth and white, the ])lant is uninjured ; but if they 
are roughened or corrugated on tiie surface, and of a rusty 
color, the presence of the insect is indicated. 

A parasitic two-winged fly, a species of Tachina, attacks 
the beetles, dej)ositing its eggs on their bodies, from which 
hatch small fleshy grubs, which eat their way into the abdo- 
men of their victims and eventually destroy them. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
No. 223. — The Cucumber Flea-beetle. 

Crepidodera cucumeris (Harris). 

Although a very small insect, this is not to be despised. 
It is a beetle, about one-sixteenth of an inch long, with a 
black body, finely punctated, and clothed with a whitish 
pubescence; there is a deep transverse furrow across the 
hinder part of the thorax; the antennae are of a dull-yellow 
color, and the legs of the same hue, except the hinder pair of 
thighs, which are brown ; these latter are very thick and 
strong, and well adapted for leaping. Fig. 376 represents 
this insect much magnified ; the short line at the side indi- 




ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 365 

cates its natural size. The beetles pass the winter concealed 

under stones or rubbish, appear very early in the season, and 

attack the young melon and cucumber plants as 

soon as they are up. They eat small round patches Fig. 370. 

on the ujDper surface of the leaves, consuming their 

substance, but not always eating entirely through. 

They hop very actively from leaf to leaf, and are 

very destructive to young plants ; while partial to 

melon and cucumber vines, they are also fond of the potato, 

raspberry, turnip, cabbage, and other ])lants. 

Their larvae are minute and slender, tapering towards each 
end, and are said to live within the substance of the leaves 
attacked ; hence the plants suffer from the depredations of the 
larvae as well as from the injuries caused by the beetles. They 
attain maturity, pass through the chrysalis state, and change 
to beetles, within a few weeks, and there is a constant succes- 
sion of the insect in its various stages throughout the greater 
part of the summer. 

Remedies. — Air-slaked lime, powdered hellebore, or Paris- 
green mixed with flour, in the proportion of one part of the 
poison to twenty or thirty parts of flour, dusted on the foliage, 
will speedily destroy them. 

No. 224.— The Melon Caterpillar. 

Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.). 

This is an insect which is very widely distributed, being 
found throughout the greater part of North and South 
America. In some parts of the Southern States it is partic- 
ularly destructive. The larvae, which are shown feeding on 
the leaves in Fig. 377, are, when mature, about an inch and 
a quarter long, translucent, and of a yellowish-green color, 
with a few scattered hairs over their bodies. They are not 
content to feed on the leaves only, but eat into melons, cu- 
cumbers, and pumpkins at all stages of growth, sometimes 
excavating shallow cavities, and at other times penetrating 
directly into the substance of the fruit. They spin their 



366 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 



cocoons in a fold of the leaf of the melon, as shown in the 
figure, or on any other plant growing near by, and change 
to slender, brown chrysalids, about three-quarters of an inch 
long, from which, in a short time, the perfect insect is pro- 
duced. 

The moth, which is also represented in Fig. 377, is very 
beautiful. The wings are of a pearly-white color, with a 

Fig. 377. 




peculiar iridescence, bor<lcred with black, aud they measure, 
M'hen expanded, about an inch across. The body and legs 
are of the same glistening white, and the abdomen terminates 
in a movable brush-like tuft of a pretty buff color, tipped 
with white aud black. The number of broods of this insect 
during the year has not been definitely ascertained ; the winter 
is passed in the chrysalis state. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 



867 



Remedies. — If the first brood of young worms occur before 
the melons have attained half their growth, powdered helle- 
bore mixed with water, in the proportion of an ounce to two 
gallons of water, and sprinkled on the vines, may be safely 
used to destroy them. Strong tobacco- water would also prob- 
ably have the same effect, while on small patches they could 
doubtless be killed by hand. Two species of parasitic insects 
are known to prey on them : one is a species of Tachina fly, 
the other an Ichneumon fly, Cryptus inquisitor. (See Fig. 
227, where it is referred to as a destroyer of the bag-worm, 
No. 120.) 



ATTAOKIUa THE FRUIT. 



Fig. 378. 



No. 225.— The Neat Cucumber Moth. 

Eudiopth nitidalis (Cram.). 

Another common name for this insect is the " pickle- 
worm," which has been given to it in consequence of its larva 
being often found in 
pickled cucumbers. 
This larva is about 
an inch long, trans- 
lucent, and of a yel- 
lowish-white color 
tinged with green ; 
on each segment 
there are a few slightly-elevated shining dots, from each of 
wliich issues a fine hair; the head is yellow, margined witli 
brown. Fig. 378 represents this larva, with a young cucum- 
ber into the side of which it has bored. These caterpillars 
are very destructive in some of the AYestern States. They 
begin to appear about the middle of July, and continue their 
destructive work until late in September ; they attack- the 
fruit, boring cylindrical holes in it, and feed on the flesh. 




368 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 



Fio. 379. 



Sometimes three or four larvse will be found in the same 
fruit, while the presence of a single specimen will often cause 
the cucumber to rot. 

When mature, the larva leaves the fruit, and, drawing to- 
gether a few fragments of leaves on the ground, spins a slight 
cocoon, within which it changes to a slender, brown chrysalis, 
from which the moth issues in eight or ten days. The insects 
forming the late brood pass the winter in the chrysalis state. 
The moth (Fig. 379) is of a yellowish-brown color, with a 
purplish reflection, the fore wings 
having an irregular patci), and the 
hind wings the greater portion of their 
inner surface yellow. The under side 
has a pearly shade ; the thighs, breast, 
and abdomen below are silvery while ; 
the other portions of the legs are yel- 
low. The body of the female termi- 
nates in a small, flattened, black brush, 
squarely trimmed, the segment preceding it being of a rusty- 
brown color above. The male has a much larger brush-liUe 
appendage, formed of long, narrow scales, some of which are 
whitish, some orange, others brown. 

Remedies. — This insect is a difficult one to control. If the 
vines are carefully watched about the time the early brood 
appear, the larvse may be destroyed by hand while still small; 
but if not discovered until after they have penetrated the 
fruit, the infested melons or cucumbers should be gathered 
and fed to hoo-s or scalded. 




Fig. 380. 




No. 226.— The 12-Spotted Diabrotica. 

Diahrotica 13-punctata (Oliv.). 

This beetle also is occasionally destructive to 
melons and squashes, eating into their substance. 
It is a yellow beetle, with twelve black spots, 
represented in Fig. 380. It is closely related to 
the striped squash beetle. No. 222. 



mSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



Fig. 381. 



No. 227.— The Cranberry Worm. 

Rlwpohota vacciniana (Packard), 

This larva is very injurious to the foliage of cranberry- 
vines, and, on account of the devastation it causes, has received 
in some localities the significant name of the " fire- worm." 
It hatches in the Eastern States from the 20th of May to the 
1st of June, from eggs which have remained upon the vine 
all winter. These are found on the under side of the leaves 
in masses having the form of a flat circular scale 
of a pale-yellow color. 

The larva, which is shown at a, Fig. 381, is 
green, with a few fine hairs scattered over the sur- 
face of its body. It feeds upon the tender grow- 
ing shoots, drawing the leaves together, fastening 
them with silken threads, and concealing itself 
within the enclosure. When full grown, it spins « 
a slight cocoon, either among the leaves on tiie vines or 
amidst leaves and rubbish on the ground, and there changes 
to a chrysalis, as shown at h in the figure. 
The pupa state lasts from ten to twelve days. 

The moth (see Fig. 382) is of a dark 
ash-color, the fore wings whitish, dusted 
with brown and reddish scales, with nar- 
row white bands on the front edge, al- 
ternating with broader yellowish-brown 
bands, five of which are larger than the others, and from 
four of these, distinct but irregular lines cross the wings. 
The tips of the fore wings are dark brown and pointed. 




Fig. 382. 




24 



369 



370 JNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. 

The hind wings are dnsky gray. The moths are veiy nu- 
merous during the month of June, Avhen eggs for a second 
brood are deposited, the larvie from which appear early in 
July, succeeded by the perfect insect, which deposits the eggs 
that remain dormant until the following spring. 

Remedies. — For all cranberry insects flooding is the most 
effectual remedy; the vines should be kept under water for 
two or three days, which will clear them for the time entirely 
from all insect pests. Where this is not practicable, the vines 
may be showered with a mixture of Paris-green and water, in 
the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to two gallons 
of yi^ater. Fires also may be lighted to attract and destroy 
the moths. 

No. 228. — The Glistening Cranberry Moth. 

Teras oxycoccana (Packard). 

This moth, the larva of which is said to feed on cranberry- 
vines, measures, when its wings are spread, nearly three- 
fourths of an inch across. Its fore wings are of a uniform 
reddish-brown color, with a peculiar shining appearance, the 
red tint being due to scattered bright-red scales; there are 
no other spots or markings. The hind Avings are glistening 
gray. The body is of a dark slate-color, with a pale tuft 
of hairs at the tip of the abdomen. The caterpillar has not 
been described. 

No. 229.— The Yellow Cranberry Worm. 

Teras vacciniivorana (Packard). 

In the cranberry-fields of New Jersey this is a common 
insect. The larva, which is shown magnified in Fig. 383, 
both back and side views, draws the leaves together, fastens 
them with silken threads, and feeds upon their upper surface. 
It is of a pale-yellow color, with a slight greenish tinge, and 
a few fine, long, pale hairs arising from prominent tubercles. 
When mature, it is nearly three-tenths of an inch long. The 
caterpillar changes to a brown chrysalis within the leafy en- 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 



371 



closure, which, when the moth is about to escape, protrudes 
partly out of its hidiug-phice. Tiie pupa is about a quarter 



Fig. 383. 



Fig. 384. 





of an inch long, and is repre- 
sented from two different as- 
pects in Fig. 384, both much 
magnified. 

The moth measures, when its 
wings are spread, about half 
au inch across ; both front and 

hind wings are yellow, mottled with a deeper ochreous 

shade. 

For remedies, see No. 227. 



No. 230. — The Red-striped Cranberry Worm. 

This larva, wliich is shown in Fig. 385, has been observed 
by Dr. Packard injuring the heads of cranberry-plants in 
Massachusetts. It draws and fastens tlie leaves together and 
feeds on their upper surface, and sometimes constructs a tube 
of silk between two leaves, when the latter are severed from 
their connection with the branch and held in place by silken 
threads. In these instances the leaves speedily wither and 
turn brown, and it often happens that the tips of vines over 
large patches will present a brown and withered aspect from 
this cause. 



372 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRV. 

The larva (see Fig. 385) is less than half an inch long, slen- 
der, and tapering a little towards each extremity, of a pale- 

FiG. 385. 

\, i\ •\\ / \ 'i ii / // /, / I i , . . 





green color, with six longitudinal pale-reddish lines, which 
are broken and irregular on the anterior segments, and more 
distinct and wider on the hinder part of the body. On each 
segment there are several small black tubercles, from each of 
which arises a single hair. The moth is undescribed. 
For remedies, see No. 227. 

No. 231. — The Cranberry Span-worm. 

Cidaria Sp. 

In Massachusetts, and especially in the vicinity of Harwich, 
this larva has proved very injurious, having in one instance 
entirely stripped the foliage of about two acres of cranberry- 
vines. It very much resembles the larva of the canker- 
worm, and is about the same size; its color is dull reddish 
brown, with longitudinal lines and many dots of dark brown. 
There is a broad dusky band just above the spiracles; the 
under side is paler than the upper. When full grown, it 
measures about eight-tenths of an inch in length. The moth 
has not been described. 

For remedies, see No. 227. 

No. 232. — The Hairy Cranberry Caterpillar. 

Arctia Sp. 

This is a caterpillar which sometimes injures cranberry- 
vines in New England. It is about an inch and a half long, 
is covered with yellowish-gray hair, and has longer tufts of 
darker hair at each end of the body. It devours the leaves 



ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 373 

of the young growing shoots, often depriving them entirely 
of foliage. 

No. 233. — The Cranberry Saw-fly. 

Pristiphora identidem Norton. 

This insect, which is closely allied to the imported currant- 
worm, No. 205, is destructive to cranberry-vines on Cape 
Cod. The perfect insect is a saw-fly, the female having a 
toothed ovipositor, with which she makes a slit in the leaves, 
depositing an egg therein. Broods of the larvae appear early 
in June, and again in August. When first hatched, they are 
pale yellowish green, but become darker with age ; the head 
is black in the young specimens, lighter in the full-grown 
ones. When mature, they measure about three-tenths of 
an inch long, are cylindrical and smooth, with two lighter, 
whitish-green stripes running the whole length of the body. 
Towards the end of June they spin their cocoons among 
withered leaves or other rubbish, from which flies are pro- 
duced about ten days afterwards. 

The perfect insect has the body black, the legs marked 
with yellowish red and black, the wings transparent, with 
black veins. 

No. 234.— The Cranberry Gall-fly. 

Cecidomyia Sp. 

About the middle of June the small leaves at the tips of the 
growing shoots may often be found fastened together. Within 
these clusters is a small, pinkish or orange-colored larva, 
having the form shown at b in Fig. 386, which is without 
legs, and when first hatciied is white. This larva spins a 
cocoon (see a in the figure), which resembles white tissue- 
paper; this is formed among the small leaves at the end of 
the shoot, and within it the insect changes to a chrysalis, as 
shown at c. 

In about twelve days the perfect insect, a gall-gnat, appears 
(see d, Fig. 386 ; e represents the antenna of the female, much 
enlarged). This gnat is found in almost every cranberry- 



374 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. 



Fig. 3-6. 




bog. There are not usually more than two of these larvae on 
any one slioot, and often there is only one. The mischief done 
consists mainly in the killing of the extreme tip of the vine, 
which prevents the formation of a fruit- 
bud for the next year's growth, unless, as 
is sometimes the case, the vine by an 
extra effort puts them out at the side. 
flS^Itt='=^ Remedies. — Tliere is a little Chalcis 
— fly parasitic on this insect, which destroys 
it in large numbers. The measures rec- 
ommended under No. 227 will also be 
'■^ applicable here. 



No. 235. — The Cranberry Aphis. 

There is a large, red phint-louse which 
sometimes occurs on cranberry-vines and punctures the leaves 
and tender stems, to their manifest injury. This aphis is 
destroyed by the larva of a small lady-bird, a species of 
Scymnus, which larva is oval in form, and covered with a 
white fuzz on its back. Flooding will destroy this aphis 
also. 




No. 236. — The Cranberry Spittle Insect. 

Clastoptera proteus Fitch. 

This is a small, soft insect, with legs, but without wings, 
which is found in the early part of June in little masses of 
froth upon growing shoots of the (!ranberry-vine. The froth 
is the sap of the plant sucked in and then exuded by the 
young larva, probably for concealment. The insect belongs 
to the order Homoptera, having no jaws, but a beak, through 
which it sucks the sap of the plant. 

The perfect insect jumps with the agility of a flea, and is 
found hopping about among the vines. It seldom occurs in 
sufficient numbers to inflict material injury. It is found also 
on the blueberry. 



ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 375 

ATTACKING THE lEUIT. 
No. 237. — The Cranberry Fruit-worm. 

This is the caterpillar of a small moth related to the leaf- 
rollers, and is shown in Fio;. 387. It is of a yel- 
1 -1 , 1 1 • A ^ Fig. 387. 

lowish-green color, and a2)pears early in August, 

when it injures the fruit, entering berry after berry, i^ 
eating the inside of each, and making it turn pre- ^3 
maturely red. It attains its fall growth by the 
beginning of September, when it buries itself in the 
ground, where it forms a cocoon covered with grains 
of .sand, scarcely to be distinguished from a small tl 
lump of earth, within which it changes to a chrys- 
ali.s. Flooding is the only remedy suggested for this insect. 

No. 238. — The Cranberry Weevil. 

Aiithonomus suturalis Lee. 

About the middle of July, or just before the blossoms are 
ready to expand, this weevil appears. It is a small, reddish- 
brown beetle, with a dark-brown head and a beak half as 
long as its body, shown in Fig. 388. The thorax is a little 
darker than the wing-covers, and is sparingly 
covered with short whitish hairs ; the wing- 
cases are ornamented with rows of indented 
dots. The beetle is a little over one-eighth of 
an inch long, including the beak. Having 
selected a blossom-bud about to expand, it 
drills a hole through the centre with its snout, in which is 
deposited a pale-yellow egg. The bud is then cut off by the 
beetle at the stern, and drops to the ground, and within it the 
egg hatches to a dull-white grub with a yellow head and black 
jaws (see Fig. 388), which feeds upon the bud, and, passing 
through its transformations, produces the perfect beetle, which 
eats its way out, leaving a round hole in the side of the de- 




376 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. 

caying bud to mark its place of exit. The beetles some- 
times, though seldom, feed upon the berries. They may be 
destroyed by flooding with water. There is a minute Chalcis 
fly which is parasitic on the larvae and destroys numbers of 
them. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

Since many of the insects most injurious to the orange 
attack alike the branches, the leaves, and the fruit of the tree, 
and sometimes the trunk also, the grouping of the species, car- 
ried out when treating of the enemies of other fruits, will not be 
attempted with those of the orange. The insects belonging to 
each order will be brought together and treated consecutively, 
beginning with the Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and 
moths. The remedies for scale-insects, as they apply alike to 
all the different species, will be referred to towards the end 
of this section. 

No. 239.— The Cresphontes Butterfly. 

Papilio cresphontes Fabr. 

In the perfect state, this is a large and handsome butterfly, 
which measures, when its wings are sj)read, from four to five 
inches across. The wings are black above, with an irregular, 
triangular band of broad yellow spots, covering a considera- 
ble portion of their surface, as shown in Fig. 389. The hind 
wings have two long, projecting points or tails, with an oval 
yellow spot on each ; they are also notched, and have the 
indentations marked with yellow. The under side is yellow- 
ish, with dusky veins and markings, and a row of crescent- 
shaped blue spots on the hind wings. The body is black 
above, yellow at the sides and beneath. 

The eggs are globular, and are deposited singly on the 
leaves. The young caterpillars are very much like the full- 
grown ones in form and color, but the gray markings are 
darker, and the white blotches not so large as in the mature 
larva. A¥hen full grown, it is about two and a half inches 
long, and very peculiarly marked. (See Fig. 390.) Above 

377 



378 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



it is dull brown, almost covered with irregular whitish 
blotches spotted with brown. The first four segments have 




on each side a longitudinal white band ; from the fourth to 
the eighth is a large white patch, nearly oval in form, more 



IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



379 



or less dotted with brown ; another similar white or cream- 
colored patch, with brownish dots, covers the posterior por- 



FiG. 390. 




tion of the body. Behind the head there are two long, red, 
fleshy horns, which can be protruded at will, and these, when 
extended, emit a very 

disagreeable odor, which Fig. 391. 

probably serves to protect 
the caterpillar from its 
enemies. The under side 
of the body is of a brown- 
ish color. The larva com- 
j)letes its growtii in about 
a month, when it changes 
to a chrysalis. This is 
nearly an inch and a half 
long (see Fig. 391), irreg- 
ularly forked at its upper end, with a prominent point upon 
its breast, and a loop of silk around the middle ; the hinder 
extremity is also fastened to the supporting twig or branch, 
hooked in a tuft of silk. Its color is gray and brown, of 




380 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



varying shades, and so exactly resembles that of the bark 
of the orange-tree that it is extremely difficult to detect. In 
from eight to sixteen days after the chrysalis is formed the 
butterfly emerges. 

In Florida there are usually four broods of the butterflies 
in the course of the summer, the last brood wintering in the 
chrysalis state, from which the butterflies emerge in April. 
The caterpillar, which is commonly known as " the orange 
dog" in Florida, devours the foliage of orange-trees, sometimes 
seriously injuring young trees by stripping them bare. It 
may easily be subdued by hand-picking, as its large size and 
singular appearance promptly lead to its discovery. 

Within the past ten years this butterfly has extended its 
range very much, and it is now comparatively common 
throughout the Northern and Western States, and in the 
warmer parts of Canada. In the North it feeds chiefly on 
prickly ash, Zanthoxylum Americanum. 

No. 240. — The Orange Basket-worm. 

Flatceceticus Gloveri Packard. 

During the month of February this insect is found upou 
the orange-trees in different parts of Florida. The larva 
forms an oblong-oval case of a paper- 
like substance, interwoven with bits of 
leaves or bark, as shown in Fig. 392 ; 
within this it lives. When full grown, 
it is a little over half an inch long, thick 
and fleshy, and varies in color from light 
brown to a much darker shade. The 
head is marked with dark and light 
wavy lines, and is protruded from the 
case, along with the anterior segments, 
when the larva is feeding or moving 
from place to place. The case of the 
female is about one-fourth larger than that of the male. Both 
of these are shown in the fiijure. 



Fig. 392. 




INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. ygl 

On reaching maturity, the case is suspended from a leaf or 
twig, and witiiin it the iarva changes to a dark-brown chrys- 
alis; the chrysalis of the male works its way partly out of 
the case at the lower end, where, after the escape of the moth, 
the empty pupa-siiin remains. 

The male moth (Fig. 392) is dark brown, sometimes nearly 
black, with delicate wings, small body, and featiiered antennae, 
and measures, when its wings are spread, about six-tenths of 
an inch across. The female is wingless, of a whitish color, 
and transforms within the case, where, also, the eggs are laid, 
the young larvae, when hatched, escaping from the orifice at 
the lower end. This insect has also been found feeding on 
the leaves of the fig. 

The conspicuous cases constructed by the larvae are easily 
seen, when they may be picked and destroyed. 

No. 241. — The Orange Leaf-roller. 

Platynola rostrana (Walker). 

During the growing season the edges of the young leaves 
of orange-trees are often found rolled up into a sort of tube. 
These tubes are formed by a small, yellowish-green cater- 
pillar, which, when full grown, is about three-quarters of 
an inch long, w^th a brown head, and a polished j^late of the 
same color on the next segment, a dark stripe down the back, 
and an indistinct dark line along each side. It is active in 
its movements, lives within the tube it constructs, and feeds 
upon the foliage. 

The larva changes to a brown chrysalis, nearly half an inch 
long, within the case, from which in a few days a moth 
escapes. 

The male differs from the female in the markings on its 
fore wings. All the wings of both sexes have a ground-color 
resembling that of cork, but the fore wings of the male have 
a dark-brown stripe along the front edge, expanding into a 
large spot of the same color towards the tip of the wing, 



382 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

while the fore wings of the female have minute dark-brown 
tufts, arranged in lines more or less distinct, running obliquely 
across them. The wings of the male measure, when spread, 
nearly three-quarters of an inch across ; those of the female 
are a little larger. This leaf-roller has been found trouble- 
some in several localities in Florida. Where it exists in such 
abundance as to require a remedy, hand-picking should be 
resorted to, or the trees should be syringed with powdered 
hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water, as recom- 
mended under No, 181. 



No. 242. — The Orange-leaf Nothris. 

Nothris citrifoUella Chambers. 

In the larval form this is a cylindrical yellow caterpillar, 
\\\t\\ a black head, and a black patch on the next segment. 
It feeds upon the half-grown leaves of the new shoots of the 
orange, fastening them together with silken threads. It also 
frequently devours the terminal buds, and thus materially in- 
jures the growth of the tree. When full grown, it is about 
half an inch long, very quick in its movements, and if dis- 
turbed lets itself down from the twig by a silken thread, by 
means of which it is enabled to regain its former position 
among the leaves Avhen danger is past. 

When ready for its next change, the larva rolls up a portion 
of a leaf, and spins within the enclosure a delicate silken 
cocoon, in which it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis. The 
moth is found late in August and early in September; it 
is of a grayish ochreous color, the fore wings streaked with 
reddish and dotted with brown, the hind wings pale gray 
with a reddish tint. The body is ochreous, dotted with dull 
red. 

Should this insect at any time become so abundant as to 
require the use of remedies, those suggested for No. 241 will 
be applicable. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



383 



No. 243. — The Orange Leaf-notcher. 

Artipus floridaiiHS Horn. 

This is a beetle which is represented magnified in Fig. 393, 
the line below it indicating the natural size. It eats jagged 
notches in the leaves of the 
orange, as shown in the figure, ^^°- ^^'^• 

disfiguring and injuring the 
foliage. It is about a quarter 
of an inch long, of a pale 
greenish-blue or copper color, 
and densely clothed with 
white scales. The thorax is 
unevenly dotted, and there 
are on the wing-cases ten 
longitudinal lines of dots of 
varying sizes, divided by 
slight ridges. The under side of the body and legs is also 
scaly and hairy. 

In some localities in Florida these beetles are said to be 
very abundant. As they readily drop wlien the trees are jarred, 
they may be easily collected on sheets spread under the trees. 




No. 244. — The Angular- winged Katydid. 

Microccntrum retinervis Burin. 

There is, perhaps, no insect of large size so destructive to 
the foliage of the orange as this. It is a large green katydid, 
and one of the commonest insects in the South. 

During the daytime it is seldom seen, as it is then hidden 
among the thick foliage of trees and shrubs, but towards 
dusk it leaves its hiding-places and makes the air resonant 
with its music, which is produced by rubbing the wings 
against the thighs. The eggs are deposited in abimdance 
upon both twigs and leaves, as shown in Fig. 394 at 1 a and 
2 b, overlapping each other. They are of a long, oval form. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 385 

and nearly flat. The young katydids issue from that end of 
the egg which projects beyond the leaf, leaving the empty 
egg-shell still in position behind. When first hatched, they 
feed only upon the surface of the leaf, but as they increase in 
size they devour the whole substance. When mature, they 
acquire wings, which enable them to fly readily from tree to 
tree, appearing as shown at 1 in the figure. From the head 
to the extremity of the closed wings, the full-grown insect 
measures about two and a half inches. The outer wings are 
green, with leaf-like veinings, the under pair of a paler green, 
and beautifully netted; the antennae are long and thread-like, 
and the hind legs slender. The female is furnished with a 
curved ovipositor at the end of the abdomen. 

Fortunately, there is a small Chalcid fly parasitic on the 
eggs of this katydid, which, when mature, is little more than 
one-eighth of an inch long; it is the Eupelmus mirab His oi' 
W^alsh. The female, which is shown at 2, Fig. 394, has 
dusky wings, and an abdomen which she can elevate over 
her thorax in a peculiar manner. The male is represented at 
2 a in the same figure. The eggs of this parasite are placed 
within the eggs of the katydid, where the larvse hatch and 
undergo their transformations, issuing as flies from circular 
holes which they cut through the egg-shells, as shown at 2 b. 
A large proportion of the eggs of the katydid are parasitized 
by this insect. 

Remedies. — Collect the eggs during the winter and place 
them in boxes covered with coarse wire gauze until spring, 
so that the parasites may be permitted to escape. Several 
species of birds are said to devour these katydids. 

No. 245. — The Lubber Grasshopper. 

Romalea microptera Serv. 

This is a large species of locust, very destructive to orange- 
leaves, which has received the common name of " the lubber 
grasshopper" from its sluggish habits. When full grown, it 
is about two and a quarter inches long, of a yellow color, the 

25 



386 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



wing-cases shaded with rosy pink and barred and spotted 
with black. The larvae are shaped like the mature insects, 
but have no wings. They are black, and are striped and 
banded Avith orange-yellow. The wings of the perfect insect 
(see Fig. 395) are so short — reaching only half-way to the 

Fig. 395. 




Fig. 396 



extremity of the abdomen — that they are quite useless for the 
purpose of flight. Their eggs are deposited in the ground. 
Since they cannot fly, they may easily be destroyed by hand. 



No. 246.— The Leaf-footed Plant-bug. 

Leptoglossus phyllopus (Linn.). 

The leaf-footed plant-bug is of a reddish- 
brown color, with a long, sharp beak, and 
a transverse yellowish-white band across its 
wing-covers. The wings, when raised, show 
the body, which is of a bright-red color, 
with black spots. The shanks of the hind 
legs are flattened out into leaf-like append- 
ages, as shown in Fig. 396. This insect is 
said to puncture the tender shoots and ter- 
minal branches of the orange-tree, often 
killing them. It also injures ripe plums, 




INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 387 

l)v puncturing them and sucking portions of their contents. 
Notwithstanding its injurious habits, it has been by some 
writers classed among beneficial insects as a destroyer of the 
harlequin cabbage-bug. 

No. 247. — The Cotton-stainer. 
Dysdercus suturellus H. Schf. 

This insect, like that last described, belongs to the order of 
true bugs [Heniiptera) ; it is commonly known as the red- 
bug, or cotton-stainer, and is one of the worst pests with which 
the cotton-planters of Florida and the West Indies have to 
contend. It injures the cotton by piercing the stems and 
bolls and sucking the sap; but the principal injury to the 
crop is occasioned by its staining the cotton in the opening 
bolls with its excrement. It also attacks the fruit of the 
orange, puncturing the rind, sucking the juice, and causing 
the fruit to decay and fall to the ground. When full grown, 
it is from six to seven tenths of an inch long, and appears as 
shown in Fig. 397, the thorax triangular, 
with its anterior part red, posterior por- '" 

tion black, all margined with whitish yellow. 
The scutellum is triangular, red, margined 
with pale yellow ; the wing-cases are flat, 
with two distinct whitish lines crossing them, 
which intersect each other near the centre ; 
they are also partly margined with a yel- 
lowish line. The under side is bright red, with yellowish- 
white markings on the edge of each segment. 

Each female produces about one hundred oval, amber- 
colored eggs, which are attached in clusters to the underside 
of the leaves. The young bugs are bright red, with black 
legs and antennse. These bugs are usually found in immense 
numbers, and where cotton has been planted between the rows 
of orange-trees instances are recorded where a large propor- 
tion of the oranges have been destroyed. The mature insects 




388 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

often gather in great nnmbers on heaps of cotton-seed, when 
tliey may be killed by pouring scalding water upon them. 

No. 248. — The Orange Aphis. 

Sipltonophora citrifolil Ashniead. 

In Florida this species of plant-louse is very prevalent, and 
is found during the spring and summer months in various 
f-tages of development, clustering on the tender shoots and 
branches of the orange-tree. These lice insert their beaks 
into the leaves and succulent twigs and live upon the sap. 
When full grown, they are a little more than one-twentieth 
of an inch long, black or brownish black, with plump, 
round bodies, long, yellowish antennse, and pale-yellow legs. 
(See Fig. 398, where they are shown magnified.) The winged 

Fig. 398. 





specimens, one of which is seen in the figure, are also black ; 
these fly from one tree to another and establish new colonies. 
Remedies. — Syringe the trees with strong soap-suds or other 
alkaline washes, or with strong tobacco-water. A number 
of lady-birds and their larvae, also the larvae of Syrphus flies, 
feed on these lice. Many of them are destroyed by a minute 
Chalcid fly, which lives within their bodies. This friendly 
species, Stenomesms aphicUcoIa Ashmead, is shown, much 
magnified, in Fig. 399, where a represents the female, and b 
the male. The short lines at the sides indicate their natural 
size. They are so minute that as many as three of the perfect 
winged flies have been known to issue from the body of a 
single aphis. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



389 



A tiny Ichneumon fly, tlie red-legged Trioxys, Trioxj/s 
iestaceipes Cresson, also infests this species of aphis, while a 
third friendly parasite is a small Aphidius, a shining, black 



Fig. 899. 




-^^X, 



fly. Were it not for these predaceous and ]:)arasitic insects, 
the Aphides would soon multiply to such an extent as to ruin 
the plantations. 

No. 249. — The Rust Mite. 

Phyioptus oleivorus Ashmead. 

The rust which often occurs on the fruit of the orange 
was until of late regarded as due to a fungoid growth, but 
recent investigators have shown that it is caused by a very 
small, four-legged mite, which punctures the oil-cells, and the 
exuding oil, when exposed to the influence of the atmosphere, 
soon undergoes a change, assuming a dark, rusty appearance, 
which seriously depreciates the value of the fruit for market. 
To the unaided eye the oranges appear dusty, but if examined 
with a magnifying-glass they will be .seen covered with a 
multitude of mites of a whitish-flesh color. 

A weak alkaline wash applied to the fruit would doubtless 
destroy these mites. 

Another rust, known as "the black smut," often spreads 



390 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



over both leaves and fruit, making them appear very unsightly. 
This is a minute fungous growth, known under the name of 
Fumago saliclna Farlow, but it is believed by some to result 
from the punctures of insects, causing an exudation, on which 
the fungus thrives. 

As a remedy, use an alkaline solution of soap as strong as 
the tree will bear without injury. 

No. 250. — The Purple Scale. 

Mi/Hlaspis citricola Packard. 

This is one of the most common and injurious species of 
.scale-insect found in Florida. It is confined mainly to the 



Fig. 400. 




t"-^^^ % 



■^ 



leaves and fruit of the orange, and sometimes disfigures the 
latter to such an extent as to make it unfit for market, yet 
it is often seen on fruit offered for sale. The scale of the 
female is shown empty at a in Fig. 400, and occupied by 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 391 

the insect at 6, both higlily magnified. It is long, nari'ow, 
more or less cnrved and widened posteriorly, varying in 
color from dark purple to reddish-brown, the enclosed insect 
being yellowish white. That of the male, shown at c, also 
magnified, I'esembles the female scale in form, but is nearly 
straight, and may be at once distinguished by its smaller 
size. In color it is much the same as the female scale, but is 
sometimes darker, occasionally dark brown or almost black. 
On the leaf in the figure these scales are shown of the natural 
size. 

The eggs, which number from eighteen to twenty-five under 
each scale, are white, and are arranged irregularly, as shown 
at 6. They hatch in Florida about the middle of March, 
l)roducing lice of the form shown at b in figure 401, but so 
small as to be scarcely visible without a magnifying-glass. 
They are of a white color, yellowish at both ends, and have 
red eyes. For a very brief period after hatching they are 
active; then they fix themselves to ones|)ot, where they remain 
stationary for the rest of their lives. Within a few days there 
is secreted over the body of the young louse a covering of 
fine cottony filaments, which, together with the skins shed 
from time to time as the insect increases in size, are eventually 
formed into scales, as shown in the figure. The male develops 
into a winged fly (see a, Fig. 401) which is red, with long, 
hairy antennse and transparent wings; but 
the female remains within the scale and 
dies there. 

This scale-insect is said to have been 
imported from Bermuda on some lemons 
sent to Florida. Besides the lady-birds 
and other predaceous insects which attack 
all scale-insects, and which will be referred 
to in detail under "Remedies," this one has some special 
foes. A small mite, Tyroglyphus Gloveri Ash mead, is very 
useful in destroying it. The eggs of the mite are laid in 
December, in clusters of two or three hundred each, on the 





392 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

under side of orange leaves, close to the veins ; they are of 
a reddish-yellow color, and about one five-hundredth of an 
inch long. Early in the year there hatch from them tiny 
blood-red mites having six legs, and four oval black spots on 
the hinder part of the abdomen. In three or four weeks 
tliese transform to eight-legged mites of a paler shade of red, 
which is the mature form. 

A small, four-winged fly, one-flftieth of an inch long, de- 
scribed as "the blue yellow- 
cloaked Chalcid," SignipJiora fla- 
vopaUiatus Ashmead, has been 
found in considerable numbers 
destroying the eggs of this scale. 
Fig. 402 shows this fly, highly 
magnified. Its body is bluish 
black, with a yellow crescent- 
shaped patch behind the head ; 
the wings are transparent and fringed with fine hairs. 

No. 251.— The Long Scale. 

Mytilaspis Gloveri Packard. 

The second most common scale-insect on the orange-trees 
in Florida is the species now under consideration. It is 
closely allied to No. 250, but differs from it in that the 
female scale is much narrower, and generally of a paler 
color, its usual tint being pale brownish yellow, varying 
occasionally to dark brown. A back view of the female 
scale is shown at a in Fig. 403, a front view at c, while 
the male scale is represented at h, — all magnified ; on the 
leaf and twig are shown many scales of the natural size. 
The female insect, under the scale, is of a light-purple hue, 
with the terminal segment yellowish. The eggs are white 
when first laid, but become tinged with purple before hatch- 
ing; they are arranged regularly in a double row, as shown 
at c in the figure. The newly-hatched lice are purplish, 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



393 



and resemble No. 250, as shown at b, Fig. 401. They 
are active for a brief period, and then settle permanently in 



Fig. 403. 





one spot, where they remain stationary. The male insect is 
a very minute fly, which is shown, highly magnified, in Fig. 
404. It has long antennae and two transparent wings. 

This species is found on trees of the Citrus family 
throughout Florida, also in Louisiana, infesting the twigs 
and branches, and finally the leaves, but rarely the trunk. 
There are three broods in a season. It is said to have been 
imported from China, and has since been disseminated by 
the distribution of infested nursery stock and by the fruit 
itself. 

This insect also has some special parasites; one, a tiny 
four- winged fly, Aphelinus aspicUoticola Ashmead, is about 
one-fiftieth of an inch long, of a light-brownish color, with 



394 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



fringed wings. (See Fig. 405.) It lays an egg under each 
scale, the larva from which is a white, fleshy, footless grub. 



Fig. 404. 




Fig. 405. 



that feeds upon the eggs. By the time it has consumed 
them all it has reached full growth, when it changes to a 

pupa, and, after remaining in 
this condition a few days, the 
fly escapes by eating a passage 
through the top of the scale. 
Where this })arasite does not 
occur, it maybe introduced with 
advantage by taking into the 
locality branches infested with 
scales which are known to have 
been parasitized. This useful insect destroys immense num- 
bers of the scales, and is doubtless one of the chief natural 
agencies provided to check their undue increase. 

A species of mite, Oribates aspidioti Ashmead, has been 
found feeding on the eggs of this scale-insect. It is about 
one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an elongated, flattened form 
and a dark reddish-brown color. 




INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



395 



So. 252.— The Red Scale of California. 

Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell. 

The female scale of this species is quite translucent, its 
apparent grayish color depending on that of the insect 




beneath, which varies from a light greenish yellow to a 
bright reddish brown, and when the female is fully grown 
the form of its dark body shows distinctly through the 
transparent covering, as represented at h in Fig. 406. Tiie 
scale of the male, shown at c in the figure, resembles that of 



396 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

tlie female, but is only one-fourth the size, the posterior side 
being prolonged into a flap, which is quite thin. The scales 
are represented of the natural size on the leaf and twig. 
The perfect male insect, wiiich is winged, as shown, highly 
magnified, at a in Fig. 406, is light yellow, with a brown 
band on the thorax, and ])urplish-black eyes. The eggs are 
of an ovoid form and bright-yellow color, from twenty to 
forty being found under each scale. 

This species appears to confine itself to the trees belonging 
to the Citrus family, and infests the trunk, limbs, leaves, and 
fruit, sometimes covering the latter to such an extent as to 
render it unfit for market. Where these insects are very 
numerous, the leaves turn yellow, and sometimes drop from 
the trees. In Southern California there are five or six broods 
during the year; hence it is spreading with great rapidity, 
and is perhaps more to be dreaded than any other scale-insect 
in this country. Many groves in Los Angeles and in other 
sections of Southern California have been seriously injured 
by it. The orange-groves in Australia have suffered from 
the same pest. 

No. 253.— The Circular Scale. 

Aspidiotus Jicus Riley. 

This is known as the red scale of Florida. In Fig. 407 
the scales are shown of the natural size on the leaves of an 
orange-tree; a, the scale of the female; b, that of the male; 
c, the young larva ; e and /, different stages in the formation 
of the scale ; all these are highly magnified. Thus far it has 
been found only in the orange-groves of Florida. It mul- 
tiplies with great, rapidity, and infests indiscriminately the 
limbs, leaves, and fruit. 

The scale of the female (a) is circular, and varies from 
a light to a dark redtlish-brown color, with a gray margin ; 
that of the male (6) is about one-fourth the size of the female 
scale, and of a dark reddish brown, with a white centre, and 
is prolonged into a thin flap, of a grayish color. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



397 



The eggs are pale yellow, and the uewly-hatched larvae, 
shown at c in the figure, are broadly oval in outline, and are 
each provided with six legs, a pair of antennae, and a beak 




for suction. They appear as small specks, scarcely visible to 
the unaided eye; at first they are quite active, but, having 
selected a location, soon fix themselves permanently to one 
spot. In a short time they secrete over their bodies fine 



398 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

threads of wax, which are cottony in appearance. Soon a 
small, white, convex scale takes the place of this cottony- 
coating, which is depressed in the centre. (See d, Fig. 407.) 
The scales gradually increase in size, and as they approach 
maturity there is secreted on the female scale a mass of 
cottony threads, which increases in quantity until it some- 

riG. 408. 




times extends in a curved form, as shown at /, to a length 
five times the diameter of the scale. In the figure all the 
illustrations are highly magnified, except the leaves with the 
scales on them, which are of the natural size. 

The male is furnished with a single pair of large, trans- 
parent wings, which enable it to fly readily. It is shown, 
highly magnified, in Fig. 408. 

No. 254.— The White Scale. 
Aspidiutus nerii Bouclie. 

This scale is found on the orange and lemon trees, par- 
ticularly in Southern California and in Florida, where it also 
infests a number of other trees and plants, but especially the 
acacia-tree. In Fig. 409 a twig of acacia is figured infested 
with this scale. The female scale is flat, whitish or light 
gray in color, and when mature is only about one-twelfth of 
an inch in diameter. The eggs are of a light-yellow color. 
The scale of the female is shown at c in the figure; the male 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



399 



scale at b, both magnified ; the latter is slightly elongated 
in form, of a white color, with a tinge of yellow, and is about 
one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter. 



P4 




The winged male, which is a very minute creature, is 
shown, highly magnified, at a in the figure ; it is yellow, 
mottled with reddish brown ; wings transparent. 



400 



JXSECTS lyjURIOUS TO THE ORASGE. 



Fig. 410. 




No. 255. — The Ribbed Scale. 
Icerya purchasi Maskell. 

The adult female of this species of Coccus is covered by 
an egg-sac, which is of a pale-yellowish color, longitudinally 
ribbed, a little longer than the body of the insect, and filled 
with a loose, white, cottony matter containing the eggs. A 
cluster of these sacs is shown in Fig. 410, of the natural size ; 

the enclosed insect is of a 
dark orange-red color, with 
black antennas and leg.s, its 
back being covered more or 
less with a white or yellow- 
ish-white powder. 

The eggs are said to num- 
ber from two hundred to five 
hundred in each cluster, and 
are of a pale-red color. The 
newly-hatched larva is red- 
dish or brownish, with long 
and slender legs. As it grows 
it gradually changes, becom- 
ing: darker in color and irreg- 
ular in outline, and it soon begins to excrete tufts of waxy 
matter along the back and sides, following which long, semi- 
transparent filaments appear. 

These insects first attack the leave.s, usually along the 
midrib, and afterwards migrate to the twigs and bi'anches, 
and sometimes attach themselvas to the trunk. They spread 
with amazing rapidity on orange and lime trees, the trunks 
and limbs of which are sometimes so completely covered 
with them as to appear white ; the leaves' turn yellow and 
sickly, and if no remedial measures are adopted the trees 
sometimes die. The insect has been found very destructive 
at Santa Barbara, where it has probably been introduced with 
plants from Australia. 




I y SECTS ly juniors to the oRAyoE. 



401 



Fig. 411. 




No. 256.— The Chaff Scale. 
Parlaioria Pergandii Comstock. 

In this species the scale of the female varies in form, 
being sometimes nearly circular, but more usually somewhat 
elongated, of a dull-gray color, and thin in its structure. It 
resembles the bark so closely in tint that it often escapes 
detection. In length it is about one-sixteenth of an inch ; 
the enclosed insect is nearly as broad 
as long. These insects vary greatly in 
color, some being almost white, with 
the extremity of the body slightly yel- 
low ; others are entirely yellow, wliile 
some are purplish, with the end of the 
body yellow. The eyes are black. ** 

Scales of both sexes are shown, magnified, in Fig. 411, a, h. 
The ^gs and young larvae are purplish. The scale of the 
male (6) is about one twenty-fifth of an inch long, and nar- 
row ; its color is gray, darker and greenish about the middle. 

The mature winged in- 
sect is shown in Fig. 412, ^^^- • 
much magnified; it is pur- 
plish in color, with the disk 
of the thorax pale and 
irr^ularly marked with 
purplish spots. The eyes 
are large and very dark. 
There are several broods 
of these insects during a 
season, and the scales may 

be found at any time on the bark of the trunk and branches 
of the oransre-rrees, and to a less extent on the leaves and 
fruit. They have been called chaff scales, from their resem- 
blance to fine chaff or bran. 




26 



402 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



Fig. 413. 



No. 257.— The Barnacle Scale. 

Ceroplastes cirripedifunnis Comstock. 

The color of this scale varies from grayish to light brown, 

divided by lines into regular 
segments, as shown at a in 
Fig. 413, where one of thesi- 
scales is represented magni- 
fied. The enclosed insect is 
snbglobular in form, and of 
a dark reddish-brown color. 

The eggs are light reddish 
brown, and rather long and 
slender ; the larva is darlc 
brown, and very slender in 
form. It is at first active 
for a brief period, then settles 
in one spot, where it becomes 
stationary, and soon secretes 
over its body tufts of cottony 
filaments, which are finally 
condensed to a waxy con- 
sistence, forming part of the 
scale with which the insect is 
covered. 

This scale is found in sev- 
eral localities in Florida on 
both orange and quince trees ; 
it is also found on a native plant, a species of Eupatorium. 




No. 258. — The Florida Ceroplastes. 

Ceroplastes Floridensis Comstock. 
This scale is at first white ; afterwards it becomes pink- 
ish, growing redder or brownish in the middle, dull white 
towards the edges, some specimens being irregularly mottled 
with brownish and yellowish white, the top ornamented with 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



4or 



Fig. 414. 



lines and clots, as shown at b in Fig. 414. The eggs, which 
often number a hundred under a single scale, vary in color 

from yellow to light 
reddish brown, and 
are nearly oval in 
form. The young 
louse is of a simi- 
lar color, very ac- 
tive, and when first 
hatched appears as 
shown in Fig. 415, 
where it is much 
enlarged. It crawls 
about briskly for 
half an hour or 
more, then settles 



Fig. 415. 





on some spot, inserts its proboscis, and remains permanently 
fixed. Within a few days the limbs are drawn under the 
body, and white, cottony tufts are secreted from the surfiice ; 
these gradually condense, forming waxy plates, which cover 
and protect the insect beneath. The scales are shown of 
their natural size, on a branch of ilex, in Fig. 414; a young 
female scale is shown at a, and a mature one at 6, both 
enlarged. 

This scale is common on the orange, lemon, and other trees 



404 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



of the Citrus family iu Florida ; also on the fig, pomegranate, 
guava, quince, Japan plum, red bay, oleander, and sweet bay, 
and is very abundant on the gall-berry, Ilex glabra. It is re- 
ferred to in W. H. Ashmead's "Treatise on Orange Insects" 
under the name of the white scale, Ceroplastes rusci Linn. 
There are three broods during the year: the first appear 'in 
April and May, the second from the middle to the end of 
July, and the third during the first two weeks in September. 
Tiiey increase M'ith marvellous rajndity, but are preyed on 
by a species of Chalcid fly and by other insect enemies. 

No. 259.— The Broad Scale. 

Lecanium hesijeridum Linn. 



Fig. 416. 




the twiff in Fig;. 416. 



Of all the bark-lice 
here treated of, few are 
so common, and none so 
widely distributed, as 
this species. It is found 
in abundance from 
Washington southward 
to Florida, also in Utah 
and California, on the 
twigs of orange and 
other trees, shrubs, and 
plants ; but, having so 
many different food- 
plants, it is not so de- 
structive to the orange 
as are some others which 
confine their attacks to 
trees ofthe Citrus family. 
The scale is brown, some- 
times quite dark, and is 
represented of its natu- 
— ^ ral size on the stem of 
It is one of the largest scales found 



\ 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



405 



on the orange ; it is of an elongated, oval form, and highly 
convex. Tlie enclosed insect is yellow, inclining to brown, 
of an elongated, oval form, nearly flat, smooth, and shining. 

The young larva (see Fig. 417) is of a long, oval form, of 
a yellowish color, with two long thread-like fila- 
ments extendino; from the hind seo;ment. 

This bark-louse is much infested by parasites, no 
less than three distinct species having been bred 
from the scales. 

The first of these, Coccophagus cognatus Howard 
(see Fig. 418), is a very small, four-winged fly, the 
female of which, when its wnngs are spread, measures about 
one-twelfth of an inch, the male about one-sixteenth. The 




Fig. 418. 



Fig. 419. 




body is of a dark-brown color, with yellow markings ; the 
wings are transparent. 

In Fig. 419 is shown another of the parasites of this scale- 
insect, known as Comys bicolor Howard, a small fly, which 
measures, when its wings are expanded, nearly one-eighth of 
an inch across. The fore wings are dusky brown on their 
outer two- thirds, the inner portion nearly transparent, with a 
brownish streak ; the hind wings are nearly transparent. The 
body is bhick, the thorax brown, with black hairs. This in- 
sect has been found very abundant in Washington, destroying 



406 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



large quantities of the broad scale-insects which occur in 
multitudes on the English ivy grown there. 

Both sexes of a third parasite, Encyrtus flavus Howard, 
are shown in Fig. 420, a representing the male, b the female. 



Fig. 420. 




The wings of the former measure, when spread, about one- 
eighth of an inch ; those of the latter, one-tenth of an incli. 
The basal third of the fore wrings of the female is trans- 
parent, the middle third dusky brown, crossed by a clear 
transverse band; the outer third is also dusky brown, with 
two large, wedge-shaped, transparent spots entering it, one 
from each side. The hind wings are nearly trans])arent ; the 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



407 



body is ochre-yellow, with brown markings. The male is 
of a shining metallic-green color, with yellow markings; the 
Mings are transparent. This parasite has been bred from 
orange-trees in Southern California. All these parasites are 
shown highly magnified. 

No. 260.— The Black Scale of California. 

Leraiu'uni olece Bernard. 

In France, where this scale is also found, it chiefly affects 
the olive-tree, but in California it has been found on a 
great variety of trees, and has become a serious enemy to 



Fig. 421. 




orange-culture, being perhaps more generally distributed on 
the orange-trees in that State than any other species of scale- 



408 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



insect. Besides the orange, lemon, and other members of the 
Citrus family, it is found on the olive, pear, apricot, plum, 
pomegranate, apple, and a number of other trees, shrubs, and 
plants. The scales are usually found on the smaller twigs. 
In Fig. 421 they are shown, of the natural size, on an olive- 
twig; and at a in the same figure a scale is shown mag- 
nified. The scales 
are blackish brown, 
marked with ridges 
and indentations, as 
indicated in the fi<>;- 
ure. The eggs are 
of a long, oval form 
and yellow color. 
The male, though 
diligently sought 
for, has not yet been 
discovered. 

In Fig. 422 is 
shown the male, and 
in Fig. 423 the 
female (both en- 
larged), of a very 
interesting little fly, 
Tomocera Califor- 
nica Howard, which 
is a parasite on this 
black scale. The 
wings, which are 
transparent in both 
sexes, measure, when 
spread, a little more than one-eighth of an inch across. Its 
general color is deep blue-black, with a metallic lustre and 
brown markings. The male may be distinguished from the 
female by its shorter body and peculiar antennse. This para- 
site is so abundant in some sections that as large a proportion 




Fig. 423. 




INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



409 



as seventy-five per cent, of the scales have been known to be 
destroyed by it. The female fly pierces the scale and deposits 
in it a single egg. When hatched, the larva feeds upon the 
eggs and young of the bark-louse, and later upon the mother 
also. When lull grown, it is nearly one-sixth of an inch 
long, broad, becoming narrower towards the head, of a trans- 
parent white color tinged with blackish from the alimentary 
canal showing through. The larva changes to a pupa within 
the scale, which at first is white, but soon becomes darker in 
color; the fly, on escaping, makes its exit through a round 
liole which it cuts in the back of the scale. 



No. 261. — The Hemispherical Scale. 

Lecanium hemisphcKrlcum Targioni. 



Fig. 424 represents 
this scale, of its natural 
size, on orange leaves, 
and a magnified one at 
a. It varies in color 
from light to dark brown, 
and is occasionally tinged 
with reddish when ma- 
ture. In shape it is 
hemispherical, with the 
edges flattened, its form 
varying somewhat in 
diflerent situations; upon 
a rounded twig it be- 
comes less hemispheri- 
cal, more elongated, and 
its flattened edges are 
bent downwards, clasp- 
ing the twig. 

The eggs are yellow- 
ish white, smooth, and 
shining. The newly- 



FiG. 424. 




410 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



hatched larvse are very active, and even tlie adult insect can 
ci'awl from one point to another with apparent ease, carrying 
the scale with it. 

This scale has been found on orange-trees near Santa Bar- 
bara, and doubtless exists in other localities also. In green- 
houses it attacks not only the orange but many other j^lants. 



Fig. 425. 



No. 262. — The Common Mealy-bug. 

Dactylopius adonidam Linn. 

The insects known under the name of mealy-bugs form no 
scale, and are not always stationary, having the power of 
moving from one place to another; but, since they require the 
same treatment as scale-insects, it will be convenient to treat 
of them here. This species of mealy-bug is common in 
green-houses throughout the civilized world. The female 
is represented magnified in Fig. 425, 
with most of the mealy matter re- 
moved. When full grown, it is about 
one-eighth of an inch long, white, with 
a tinge of yellow, a brown band upon 
the middle of the back, and its whole 
body powdered with white, floury- 
looking material. The sides and ex- 
tremities of the body are armed with 
spines. The larva, which varies in 
size according to its age, is of the same 
form, but flatter. 

The male is a small winged insect, 
much resembling that of No. 263. 
In Florida it attacks the orange, 
guava, grape-vine, and pineapple, and prevails to such an 
extent that it is said few orange-trees have escaped its 
ravages except those in the interior and southern parts of 
the State. 




INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



411 



Fig. 426. 




No. 263. — The Destructive Mealy-bug. 

Dacti/Iopius destructor Comstock. 

The name destructor has been proposed for this species of 
mealy-bug on account of the injury done by it to orangc-trecs 
in Florida, where it is one of the most serious insect pests 
with which the orange-grower has to 
contend. The adult female, \vhich 
is shown magnified in Fig. 426, is 
about one-sixth of an inch long, 
and half that in width, and has 
seventeen lateral appendages on 
each side, which are nearly uni- 
form in leno;th. There is a slio;ht 
powdery secretion distributed over 
the body. The female begins lay- 
ing her eggs in a cottony mass at 

the extremity of the abdomen before she attains full growth, 
and the egg-mass increases with her growth, gradually forcing 
the hinder portion of the body upwards, until finally she 
appears as if almost standing on her head. 

The eggs are rather long, 
and of a bright straw-color, Fig. 427. 

and, soon after hatching, 
the young larvte, which are 
rather brighter in color 
than the egg, spread in all 
directions, settling prefer- 
ably along the midrib, on 
the under side of the leaves, 
or in the forks of the young 
twigs, where they form large 
colonies, closely packed to- 
gether. The young are only slightly covered with white 
powder. 

The male, which is represented highly magnified in Fig. 





412 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

427, is furnished with two transparent wings, whidi, when 
spread, measure rather less than one-eighth of- an inch across. 

Its body is olive- 
^^^ ^28. brown ; the eyes are 

dark red. 

The four-winged 
fly shown, much mag- 
nified, in Fig. 428, 



|^^^=~^^w^=i'^^-^^^'' ^ ,2^ the natural size of 

-*^ which is indicated by 
the short lines on the 
left of the figure, is 
a parasite on this 
mealy-bug, known as 
Encjjrtus inquisitor 
Howard. Its body 
is smooth, of a shining black, and the transparent wings are 
partly obscured by dusky markings, as shown in the figure. 

No. 264. — The Mealy-bug with Long Threads. 

Dactylopius longijilis Coinstock. 

In this species the adult female is nearly one-fifth of an 
inch long, of a light dull-yellow color, its body being cov- 
ered with a whitish powder. In Fig. 429 it is represented 
magnified. The lateral appendages, which are seventeen in 
number, are long, the posterior ones on each side being very 
long, equalling, and sometimes exceeding, the entire length 
of the body. In the larval state the male and the female 
are very much alike, but as they approach maturity striking 
differences appear. The female surrounds herself with 
cottony material, amid which the young cluster for some 
time after birth. The male larva forms for itself a little 
cottony sac or cocoon, in which it changes to a pupa, from 
which the winged insect is produced. This is shown, much 
magnified, in Fig. 430. The wings, which are transparent, 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



413 



measure, when spread, about one-tenth of an inch across. 
The body is brown ; the eyes are dull red. 



Fig. 429. 



Fig. 430. 




KEMEDIES. 

In treating of the remedies for scale-insects and mealy- 
bugs, those provided by nature will first claim our atten- 
tion. Under the several species discussed, reference has been 
made to the jiarasitic flies which destroy them, as these are 
often limited in their attacks to one species. The preda- 
ceous insects, which feed on them indiscriminately, will now 
claim attention ; these consist mainly of various species of 
lady-birds. These useful insects vary in size, and are usually 
red, yellow, or black, with spots of one or the other of these 
colors. Some of them are found from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific, such as the nine-si)otted lady-bird, Fig. 123; the 
plain lady-bird. Fig. 125; the convergent lady-bird. Fig. 
128; the spotted lady-bird, Fig. 129; and the twice-stabbed 
ladv-bird, Fig;. 33. Those which follow are restricted to the 
Pacific coast, or are more abundant there. Lady-birds, both 
in their larval and in their perfect state, devour scale-insects, 
mealy-bugs, and aphides. 



414 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



The Ashy-gray Lady-bird. 

Ci/doneda ahdominalis (Say). 

This is a small-sized lady-bird, which is often found in 
abundance on infested orange-trees. Its larva also is very 
common, and, when full grown, measures about four-tenths 
of an inch long. It is black, variegated with orange, yellow, 
and greenish white, and is shown, magnifiefl, at Fig. 431, a. 

When about to transform to a pupa, the larva attaches the 
end of its abdomen to a leaf, when shortly the skin, splitting 
at the back of the head, gradually shrivels up towards the 
posterior end, revealing the chrysalis, as shown in the figure 
at b. This is of a whitish color, tinged in some parts with 
yellowish, and ornamented with black spots. 




Fig. 431. 




The beetle is ashy gray, with seven black spots on the 
thorax, and eight upon each wing-cover, arranged as shown 
at c in Fig. 431, where the insect is represented magnified, 
the smaller figure at the side indicating tiie natural size. 



The Blood-red Lady-bird. 

Cijcloneda sauguiiiea (Linn.). 

The blood-red lady-bird is not so common as the species 
last described, but is nevertheless very useful. The larva is 
without spines, flattened in form, and ornamented with trans- 
verse yellow bands and black spots; it is most common in the 
s[)ring, when it is exceedingly voracious and active. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



415 




The chrysalis is shown magnified at a, in Fig. 432. It is 
about a quarter of an inch long, of a broad, oval form, and 
of a dull-yellow color, Avith orange and black markings. 

The beetle, which is 
represented magnified at Fig. 432. 

b, and of the natural size 
at c, in the figure, is almost 
hemispherical in form, 
and red, varying in the 
depth of its hue from a 
pale-red to a blood-red 
color. The thorax is 

black, with its margin and two spots of an orange color, the 
head black, with two pale spots. This species has already 
been referred to under the name of the plain lady-bird 
(Fig. 125), nnder which designation it has long been known 
in the East. 

The Cactus Lady-bird. 

Chilocliorus cacti (Linn.). 

This beetle is also known to destroy scale-insects. The 
larva is shown, mag-nified, at a in Fig. 433. It is black, 



Fig. 433. 




crossed by a light-yellowish band about the middle, and 
is armed with many long, branching spines. The pupa, also 



4IG 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 



magnified, at b in the figure, is formed within the larval skin, 
which splits open along the back sufficiently to sliow the en- 
closed chrysalis, which is black, with a few sparsely-scattered 
tufts of fine hair. 

The beetle, which is seen magnified at c, and of the natural 
size at cZ, isof a shining black color, with an irregular reddish 
spot on each wing-case, and much resembles the twice-stabbed 
lady-bird of the East. (Fig. 33.) 

The Ambiguous Hippodamia. 

Hippodamia amhigua Lee. 

In many districts in California this is a very abundant 
insect. The larva is shown in Fig. 434 at a, and, when full 



Fig. 434. 






grown, is about half an inch long, of a l)lui.sh-l)lack color 
above, marked with orange, black, and yellowish white. The 
pupa, 6, is nearly one-third of an inch long, of a dull orange- 
yellow, with black and yellow markings. The beetle, c, d, 
resembles the blood-red lady-bird, but is narrower in pro- 
portion to its length, and less convex in form. The head is 
black, with a whitish patch in front, and the thorax black, 
with a dull-white patch on each side towards the front. In 
the figure, a,h, and c are magnified, and d shows the natural 
size. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 417 

The Eyed Cycloneda. 

Cydoneda oculata (Fab.). 
This species^ which is represented magnified at a, Fig. 435, 

Fig. 435. 




and of its natural size at b, has black wing-covers, with a 
large reddish spot on each. 



The Five-Spotted Lady-bird. 

Coccinella 5-notata var. Californica Mann. 

Fig. 436 shows the Californian variety of tiie five-spotted 
lady-bii'd, which is a form with no spots. The thorax is 

Fig. 43G. 




black, with a pale spot on each side, and the wing-covers pale 
orange. 



27 



41 S INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

Ill addition to the species already named, the following are 
worthy of mention : 

Exochomus contristatus Muls. This is a small lady-bird, 
about one-seventh of an inch long, of a red color, with a black 
thorax and two black spots on the wing-covers, placed near 
the hinder end. The larva is about one-sixth of an inch 
long, yellowish, with black spots and spines. Both the larva 
and beetle are useful in destroying scale-insects, and are quite 
common among the orange groves. 

Seymnus cervicalis Muls. A hemispherical beetle, about 
one-tenth of an inch long, of a reddish-brown color, with 
dark-blue wing-covers. Its larva is pale whitish, with a few 
scattered hairs, the head small, round, and black. 

Seymnus bioculatus Muls. The larvse of this beetle have 
been found feeding on the eggs of the mealy-' ug; they are 
covered with a white secretion, something like the mealy-bug 
itself, and hence are not easily discovered. 

Hyperaspidius coccldivora Ash mead. This beetle, which 
resembles a minute Seymnus, also destroys many of the 
scale- insects, and is especially destructive to the chaff scale. 
It is about one twenty- fifth of an inch long, oval, of a 
dark color, having a polished surface and a reddish patch 
on each wing-cover. 
Fig. 437. The orange Chrysopa, Chrysopa 

citri Ashmead. This is a lace-wing 
fly, of a bright yellowish-green color, 
with antennae longer than the trans- 
parent, netted wings, and having 
bright, golden eyes. (See Fig. 437.) 
Its eggs are laid on long, thread-like 
stalks, and the larva, which devours both scale-lice and plant- 
lice greedily, cov^ers itself with minute pieces of dried leaves 
or other light substances. It is pinkish, mottled with brown 
spots. 

Artificial Remedies. — From the suctorial habits of the 
bark-lice, the remedies available are limited to such as 




INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 41 9 

destroy life by contact, or produce death when inhaled 
through the breathing-pores ; for since these insects draw 
their food from beneath the surface of the tissues, the appli- 
cation of any poison which requires to be eaten with the food 
to produce its eifects is not likely to be of much service. 

Scale-insects on the bark of the trunk or limbs of trees 
may be removed mechanically by using a stiff brush, either 
with or without the use of an insecticide. Those on the 
smaller twigs and leaves can only be reached by spraying 
some suitable liquid on the trees. Alkaline washes seem to 
have successfully stood the test of practical experiment, and 
are used with good results by many of the leading fruit- 
growers on the Pacific coast and in Florida. 

A solution of concentrated lye or commercial potash, or its 
equivalent in lye made directly from v/ood-ashes, appears to 
be equally effective. 

One bushel of good wood-ashes will produce about four 
pounds of potash ; hence, in making alkaline washes for trees, 
this estimate may be acted on where concentrated lye cannot 
be conveniently procured. To obtain the potash in solution, 
place a bushel of ashes in a keg or barrel having a tap or 
spigot near the bottom. Press them firmly and evenly down, 
and lay a small piece of board on the ashes, so that the water, 
when poured on them, shall not disturb their surface. Pom- 
hot water on the board, so that it may spread and soak evenly 
through the ashes, using a sufficient quantity to saturate them 
thoroughly. Allow it to stand twenty-four hours, then draw 
off the lye at the tap, adding more water to displace that held 
by the ashes, until eight gallons are obtained. As the first 
portion of the liquid which comes off will be much stronger 
than the last, agitate the solution so that it may be thoroughlv 
mixed. Each gallon may then be estimated to contain half a 
pound of commercial potash. 

For cleansing orange or other Citrus trees from scale-insects, 
take one pound of concentrated lye to three gallons of water, 
or one and a quarter pounds of commercial potash, or its 



420 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

equivalent, ten quarts of the home-made lye, and make the 
solution up to three gallons with water. Before the trees 
bloom, thin out the branches by pryning, so that air and 
light may have free access to the foliage and fruit, carefully 
burning all the prunings ; then wash or spray the entire tree, 
trunk, limbs, and foliage, and, if practicable, use the wash 
heated to a temperature of about 130° F., which would be 
nearly as hot as the hand could bear. 

In two or three weeks, or about the time when the young 
larvae appear, the washing or spraying should be repeated, 
using the same mixture, but adding to each gallon half a 
pound of flour of sulphur; or use a solution of whale-oil 
soap, containing from one-quarter to three-quarters of a 
pound to the gallon, with half a pound of sulphur. If the 
insects are not entirely subdued, after an interval of three or 
four weeks a third application may be made. If the trees 
require treatment while in bloom, it is safer to use the soap 
solution, as the stronger alkaline washes sometimes injure the 
tender growth. For scales on apple, pear, plum, cherry, 
peach, apricot, and nectarine trees, the solutions may be used 
one-third stronger, but may be made twice the ordinary 
strength when applied with a brush to the trunk and limbs 
only. 

During the earlier period of their growth, scale-insects 
are readily destroyed by insecticides of moderate strength, 
especially while in the active larval stage, but when the 
tough scales are well formed they are much more difficult to 
exterminate. While reproduction to some extent appears to 
be going on from March to December with but little cessa- 
tion, there is no doubt that the months of March, June, and 
September mark the appearance of a very large proportion 
of the successive broods ; hence, during these months, reme- 
dies can be applied with the greatest advantage. Those pests 
which are unprotected by scales, such as the mealy-bugs, can 
be destroyed at any time with comparative ease by the use 
of the alkaline or soap solutions. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 421 

Strong tobacco-water, heated to about 130° F., has also 
been used with some success, more particularly on the young 
broods. 

Judging from the results obtained, in a course of experi- 
ments lately conducted under direction of the Department 
of Agriculture, Washington, kerosene oil in the form of 
emulsion promises to be a valuable agent in destroying the 
different species of bark-lice. An emulsion made in the 
following manner has been found most efficient. Take of 
kerosene oil one gallon, cow's milk, sour or fresh, half a gallon, 
emulsify by thorough and constant agitation until the com- 
pound has the appearance of thin butter. Dilute one pint 
of this creamy mixture with one and a half gallons of water, 
adding the water gradually, and stirring constantly, until all 
is added. If cow's milk cannot be got, use as a substitute two 
cans of condensed milk dilute<l with twice its bulk of water. 
It is claimed by some that this diluted kerosene emulsion, 
when properly prepared, so that the oil does not separate, is 
more effective than the alkaline washes, and that it does not 
injure the trees. 

For the application of these fluids several forms of portable 
pumps have been devised, in the selection of which the fruit- 
grower should be guided by his own requirements. Where 
the orchard is large, it will pay to purchase an efficient instru- 
ment for this purpose. It is stated that, with a suitable pump 
and nozzle for spraying, from one to two hundred trees can 
be thoroughly treated in a day. 

Since by far the greater portion of the injury caused by 
insects to orange-trees is effected by the scale-insects, it is im- 
])ortant that prompt measures be adopted to destroy them, 
and that every precaution be taken to prevent their introduc- 
tion into districts hitherto exempt from them. Many localities 
have been colonized by these pests through the return of 
empty fruit-boxes from infested districts. These may be dis- 
infected by dipping them for at least two minutes in boiling 
water containing not less than one pound of potash or half a 



422 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 

pound of concentrated lye to each twenty-five gallons. These 
insects are also frequently disseminated by the transportation 
of nursery stock from one part of the country to another. 

Sickly trees are more predisposed to attack than healthy 
ones; hence the use of fertilizers to induce a vigorous growth 
has been suggested as a remedial measure. In planting new 
groves, avoid the vicinity of diseased trees if possible, as the 
young lice are liable to be carried some distance by winds, or 
on the feet of birds visiting; the trees. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OLIVE. 

No. 265. — The Greedy Scale-insect. 

Aspidiotus rapax Comstock. 

The scale of the female in this species is about one-sixteenth 
of an inch long, very convex, of a gray or drab color, and 
somewhat transparent. The enclosed insect is bright yellow, 
with translucent blotches. It is shown in the natural position 
on a limb, and also detached, in Fig. 438. 

The eggs, which are found under the mature female scales, 
are yellow, so also are the newly-hatched larvne ; the latter 



Fig. 438. 



Fig. 430. 





are less than one-hundredth of an inch long; one of them 
is shown, highly magnified, in Fig. 439. 

This scale has been found on olive-trees in various parts 
of California, but it is said to flourish only on trees in an un- 
healthy condition, and, as it is chiefly confined to the trunk 
and larger limbs, can be easily removed with a stiff brush 
dipped in a solution of whale-oil soap. It also infests apple 
and pear trees on the Pacific coast. 

428 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIG. 

No. 266.— The Fig-eater. 

Allorhina nitida (Linn.). 

This beetle, which has acquired the local name of fig-eater 
in the South, is closely related to the Cetonias, Nos. 81 and 
82, which, in the northern portions of the continent, eat the 
flesh of ripe pears, plums, and peaches. The fig-eater, which 
is shown in Fig. 440, is a very common insect in the South ; 

Pig. 440. 




it is nearly an inch long, with a robust body, the wing- 
cases being velvety green, witli light, cream-colored borders. 
No remedy has been suggested for these insects other than 
collecting and destroying them. 



424 



SYNONYMICAL LIST. 

In the following list the older as well as the newer names 
of the insects referred to are given, as a guide to those who 
may not have become familiar with the changes which have 
taken place in insect nomenclature within the past few years. 
The list does not include all the changes proposed, but only 
such as have been generally accepted by entomologists, with 
a few others which have such a weight of testimony in their 
favor as will probably lead to their general acceptance. 



1. Schizoneura lanigera (Hausm.). 

Eriosoina jjt/ri Fitch. 
Pemphigus pyri Fitch. 
Aphelinus mali (Hald.). 
Eriopliilus mali Hald. 

2. Saperda Candida Fabr. 

Sapercla bivittata Say. 

3. Chrysobothris femorata (F.abr.). 

Bitpireatis femorata Fabr. 

4. Leptostylus aculifer (Say). 

Lamia aculifeva Say. 
6. Monarthrum mali (Fitch). 
Tornicus mali Fitch. 

13. Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say). 

Bostrichns bicaudatus Say. 

14. Epicferus imbvicatus (Say). 

Liparus imbricatus Say. 

16. Mytilaspis pomorum Bouche. 

Aspidiotns conchiformis Gmelin. 
Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley. 
Tyrogiyphus malus (Shimer). 
Acarus malus Shinier. 

17. Chionaspisfurfurus (Fitch). 

Aspidiotus fur/urus Fitch. 
Aspidiotus Harrisii Walsh. 

20. Pimpla conquisitor (Say). 

Crypliis conquisitor Say. 

21. Nemoraea leucaniae (Kirkp.). 

Exorista Zei/caHi'as Kirkp. 



24. ffidemasia concinna (Sm. A Abb.). 

Notodonta concinna Sin. & Abb. 

25. Anisopteryx vernata (Peck). 

Phalena vernata Peck. 

27. Podisus spinosus (Dallas). 

Arma spiuosa Dallas. 

28. Platysamia Cecropia (Linn.). 

Attacus Cecropia Linn. 
Smicra marias (Riley). 
Chalcis mariie Riley. 

29. Ccelodasys unicornis (Sin. & Abb.). 

Notodonta unicornis Sin. .fe Abb. 

34. Tolype velleda (Stoll). 

Gastr(ip>acha velleda Stoll. 

35. Cacoecia rosaceana (Harris). 

Lozotsenia rosaceana Harris. 

36. Teras malivorana (Le Baron). 

Tortrix malivorana Le Baron. 

37. Phycis indigenella (Zeller). 

Acrobasis indigenella Zeller. 
Phycila nebvlo Walsh. 
Tachina phycitaj (Le Baron). 
Exorista phycitx Le Baron. 

38. Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff ). 

Tortrix ocellana Schiif. 
Penthina oculana Harris. 
Grapholitha oculana Can. Ent. 
40. Teras Cinderella (Riley). 

Tortrix Cinderella Riley. 
425 



426 



SYNONYMICAL LIST. 



41. Phoxopteris nubeculana (Clem.). 
Aiichylopera nuhcculana Clem. 

43. Nolaphana malana (Fitch). 

Brachytxnia malana Fitch. 

44. Tpsolophus pometellus (Harris). 

Jihinosia pometellus Harris. 
Chcetochilus pometellus Fitch. 

45. Agrotis saucia (Hiibner). 

Agrotis inermis Harris. 
Agrotis clandestina (Harris). 
NocUta clandestina Harris. 

47. Eugonia subsignaria (Hiibner). 

Eiidalinia suhsignaria Hiibner. 
Ennomos subshjnaria Packard. 

48. Phobetron pithecium (Sin. & Abb.). 

Limacodes pithecium Sni. k Abb. 
65. Odontota rosea (Weber). 

Hispa rosea Weber. 

Hispa marginata Say. 
67. Adalia bipunctata (Linn.). 

Coccinella bipunctata Linn. 
Cycloneda sanguinea (Linn.). 

Coccinella sanguinea Linn. 

Coccinella munda Say. 
Megilla maculata ( De Geer). 

Coccinella maculata De Geer. 

Hippodamia maculata Muls. 
Anatis 15-punctata (Oliv.). 

Mysia 15-punctata Oliv. 
Harmonia pieta (Rand). 

Coccinella picta Rand. 
61. Sciara mali (Fitch). 

Molobnis mali Fitch. 
64. Lithophane antennata Walker. 

Xyli)ia cincrea Riley. 

67. Oncideres cingulatus (Say). 

Saperda cingulata Say. 

68. Xyleborus pyri (Peck). 

Scolytus piyri Peck. 

Tomicus pyvi Harris. 
71. Lygus lineolaris (P. Beauv.). 

Capsus lineolaris P. Beauv. 

Capsus oblineatus Say. 
73. Pomphopoea aenea (Say). 

Lytta aenea Say. 
77. Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.). 

Areoda lanigera Linn. 



81. Euphoria Inda (Linn.). 

Cetonia Inda Linn. 

82. Euphoria melancholica (Gory). 

Cetonia melancholica Gory. 

84. Apatela occidentalis (G. & R.). 

Acronycfa occidentalis G. & R. 

85. Apatela superans (Guen.). 

Acronycta superans Guen. 
88. Telea polyphemus (Linn.). 

Attacus polypihemns Linn. 
95. Coccotorus scutellaris (Lee). 

Anthonomus prunicida Walsh. 
98. Phloeotribus liminaris (Harris). 

Tomicus liminaris Harris. 

100. Itbycerus noveboracensis (Forster). 

Ithycerus curcnlionides Herbst. 

101. Ptycholoma persicana (Fitch). 

Crcesia j^ersicana Fitch. 
Lozotxn ia fragariana Packard. 
104. Dicerca divaricata (Say). 

Buprestis divaricata Say. 

109. Crepidodera Helxines (Linn.). 

Altica nana Say. 

110. Callosainia Promethea (Drury). 

Attacus Promethea Drury. 
112. Hyperchiria lo (Linn.). 

Saturnia lo Linn. 
114. Caeoecia cerasivorana (Fitch). 

Lozotsenia cerasivorana Fitch. 
117. Thecia titus Fabr. 

Thecla mopsus Boisd. & Lcc. 

130. Sinoxylon basilare (Say). 

Apate basilaris Say. 

131. Anipeloglypter Sesostris (Loc). 

Baridius Sesostris Lee. 
Madams vitis Riley. 

132. Darapsa myron (Cramer). 

Chcerocawpa pampinatrix Sm. 

133. Phihimpelus Pandoras (Hiibner). 

Philampelus satelUtia Linn. 
144. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus 

(Fitch). 
Pterophorus periscelidactylus 

Fitch. 

147. Pyrophila pyramidoides (Guen.). 

Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. 

148. Pyrophila tragopoginis (Linn.). 

Agrotis repressus Grote. 



SYNONYMICAL LIST. 



427 



150. Graptodera chalybea (Illig.). 

Ilaltica chalybea Illig. 
152. Fidia longipes (Mels.) 

Pachnephorus loiigipes Mels. 
157. Erythroneura vitis (Harris). 

Tettigonia vitis Harris. 
165. Cyrtophyllus concavus (Harris). 

Platyphyllum concavum Harris. 
Phylloptera oblongifolia (De Geer). 

Locusta oblongifolia De Geer. 

171. Eudemis botrana (SchifF). 

Penlhina vitivorana (W. & R.). 

172. Craponius insequalis (Say). 

Ceutorhynchiis insequalis Say. 
176. Oberea bimaculata Oliv. 

Obereu tripunctata Fabr. 
181. Apatela brumosa Grote. 

Aronycta verrillii Grote. 

183. Chelymorpha Argus Leicli. 

Chelymorpha cribraria Fabr. 

184. Synchlora rubivoraria (Rilej'). 

Aplodes rubivora Riley. 

191. Tyloderma fragariae (Riley). 

Analcis fragarix Riley. 

192. Phoxopteris fragariae (W. <& R.). 

Anchylopera fragarix AV. & R. 

193. Eccopsis permundana (Clemens). 

Exartema permundana Clemens. 

194. Apatela oblinita (Sm. & Abb.). 

Acronycta oblinita Sm. k Abb. 

195. Agrotis Ypsilon (Rott.). 

Agrotis suffusa D. & S. 

Agrotis telifera Harris. 
Agrotis subgothica (Haworth). 

Agrotis jaculifera Guen. 
Hadena devastatrix (Brace). 

Agrotis devastator Harris. 

196. Paria sex-notata (Say). 

Colaspis sex-notata Say. 

197. Phyllotreta vittata (Fabr.). 

Crioceris vittata Fabr. 
Phyllotreta striolala Illig. 
Haltica striolata Harris. 



203. Psenocerus supernotatus (Say). 
Clytus supernotatus Say. 

208. Eufltchia ribearia (Fitcb). 

Ellopia ribearia Fitcli. 

209. Grapta progne (Cram.). 

Va7iessa progne Cram. 
212. Poecilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.). 
Lygxus lineatus Fabr. 
Capsus j}-vittatus Say. 

215. Epochra Canadensis (Loew). 

Trypeta Canadensis Loew. 

216. Endropia armataria (Herr. Sob.). 

Priocycla artnataria Herr. Sell. 
219. Dakruma convolutella (Hiibn.). 
Zophodia convolutella Hiibn. 
Pempelia grossularix Packard. 
Myelois convolniella Packard. 

223. Crepidodera cucumeris (Harris). 

Ilaltica cucumeris Harris. 

224. Eudioptis byalinata (Linn.). 

Phakellura hyalinatalis Linn. 

225. Eudioptis nitidalis (Cram.). 

Phakellura nitidalis Cram. 

227. Rhopobota vacciniana (Packard). 

Anchylopera vacciniana 

Packard. 

228. Teras oxycoccana (Packard). 

Tortrix oxycoccana Packard. 

229. Teras vacciniivorana (Packard). 

Tortrix vacciniivorana Packard. 
239. Papilio crespbontes Fabr. 

Papilio thoas Boisd. 
241. Platynota rostrana (Walker). 

Teras rostrana Walker. 
258. Ceroplastes Floridensis Couistock. 

Ceroplastes rusci Linn. 

(Ashmead) 
264. Cycloneda abdominalis (Say). 

Coccinella abdominalis Say. 
266. AUorhina nitida (Linn.). 

Cotinis nitida Linn. 



IK"DEX. 



Abbot Sphinx, 253. 
Acarus malus, 425. 
Aehemon Sphinx, 250. 
Acrobasis indigenella, 425. 
Acronycta oblinita, 427. 

" occidentalis, 426. 

" superans, 426. 

" verrillii, 427. 

Acutalis dorsalis, 289. 
Adalia bipunctata, 124, 426. 
jSilgeria cucurbitiB, .361. 
" exitiosa, 191. 
" poHstiformis, 229. 
" pyri, 140. 
" lubi, 303. 
" tipuliformis, 336. 
Agrilus nificoUis, 307. 
Agrotis clandestina, 108, 426. 
" Cochranii, 107. 
" devastator, 427. 
" inermis, 426. 
" jaculifera, 427. 
" repressus, 426. 
'•' saucia, 106, 426. 
" seandens, 107. 
" subgothiea, 328, 427. 
" suffusa, 427. 
" telifera, 427. 
" tessellata, 328. 
" Ypsilon, 327, 427. 
Alaus oculatus, 26. 
Alkaline washes, 419. 
Allorhina nitida, 424, 427. 
Altica nana, 426. 
Alypia octomaculata, 262. 
Ambiguous hippodamia, 416. 
American lappet-moth, 87, 221. 

" Procris, 265. 
Ampeloglypter Sesostris, 243, 426. 
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 33, 425. 
Amphidasys cognataria, 349. 
Amphipyra pyramidoides, 426. 
Analcis fragarise, 427. 
Anarsia lineatella, 321. 
Anatis 15-punctata, 125, 426. 
Anehylopera fragariaj, 427. 

" nubeculana, 426. 

" vacciniana, 427. 

Angerona croeataria, 348. 
Angular-winged katydid, 383. 



Anisopteryx pometaria, 64. 

" vernata, 64, 425., 

Anomala lucicola, 284. 
Anthonomus prunicida, 426. 

" quadrigibbus, 133. 

" suturalis, 375. 

Apate basilaris, 426. 
Apatela brumosa, 313, 426. 
" oblinita, 325, 427. 
" occidentalis, 165, 426. 
" superans, 166, 426. 
Aphelinus aspidioticola, 393. 
" mali, 15, 19, 425. 

" niytilaspidis, 42. 

Aphis mali, 121. 
" malifolia3, 121. 
" prunifolii, 180. 
" ribis, 351. 
" vitis, 201. 
Aphrophora 4-notata, 242. 
" Signoreti, 242. 

Apis mellifiea, 301. 
Aplodes rubivora, 427. 
Apple-bark beetle, 24. 
Apple-bud worm, 96. 
Apple curculio, 133. 
" fly, 137. 
" Liopus, 30. 
" Lyonetia, 119. 
" maggot, 135. 
" midge, 136. 
" Sphinx, 86. 
•' Thrips, 138. 
" woolly-louse, 27. 
Apple-leaf aphis, 121. 

" Bucculatrix, 118. 
" miner, 114, 317, 320. 
" sewer, 99. 
" skeletonizer, 100. 
Apple-root plant-louse, 13. 
Apple-tree aphis, 121. 

" borer, flat-headed, 20, 160, 

189, 199. 
" borer, round-headed, 16, 160, 

189, 199. 
" case-bearer, 115. 
'' caterpillar, red-humped, 62, 

160, 220. 
" caterpillar, yellow-necked, 
60. 

429 



430 



INDEX. 



Apple-tree pruner, 31. 

" tent-caterpillar, 47, 189, 220. 
Apple-twig borer, 33, 160, 220, 301. 
Apple-worm, many-dotted, 101. 
Arctia Sp., 372. 
Areoda lanigera, 426. 
Arma modesta, 290. 
" spinosa, 425. 
Artipus Floridanus, 383. 
Ash-gray pinion, 138, 200. 
Ashy-gray lady-bird, 414. 
Aspidiotus aurantii, 395. 

" cerasi, 204. 

" conchilormis, 425. 

" oydonice, 222. 

" ficus, 396. 

" furfurus, 425. 

" Harrisii, 44, 425. 

" nerii, 396. 

" rapax, 423. 

Aspidisca splendoriferella, 117. 
Attacus Cecropia, 425. 
'' polyphemns, 426. 
" Promethea, 426. 

Baridius Sesostris, 426. 

Barnacle scale, 402. 

Basket-worm, or bag-worm, 139, 161, 

190, 200, 221,222. 
Beautiful wood-nymph, 258. 
Bees, 190. 

Black-backed tree-hopper, 289. 
Blackberry bark-louse, 319. 

" flea-louse, 320. 

Blackberry, pithy gall of, 318. 

" seed-like gall of, 319. 

Black scale of California, 407. 
Blind-eyed Sphinx, 85, 189. 
Blue-spangled peach-tree caterpillar, 

139, 161, 197, 221. 
Blue yellow-cloaked Chalcid, 392, 
Bostrichus bicaudatus, 425. 
Bound tree-bug, 290. 
Brachytsenia malana, 426. 
Bracon charus, 21. 
Broad-necked Prionus, 160, 227. 
Broad scale, 404. 
Broad-winged katydid, 201. 
Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 118. 
Buffalo tree-hopper, 45, 200. 
Buprestis divaricata, 426. 

" femorata, 425. 
Bythoseopus clitellarius, 188. 
Byturus unicolor, 310. 

Cacoecia cerasivorana, 215, 426. 

" rosaceana, 90, 425. 
Cactus lady-bird, 415. 
Callimorpha Lecontei var. fulvicosta, 

197. 
Callosamia Promethea, 205, 426. 



Caloptenus femur-rubrum, 157. 

" spretus, 157. 

Calosoma calidum, 57, 70. 

" scrutator, 57. 

Campyloneura vitripennis, 288. 
Canadian Osmia, 331. 
Canker-worms, 64, 189, 220. 
Capsus lineolaris, 426. 
" oblineatus, 426. 
" 4-vittatus, 427. 
Carpocapsa pomonella, 127. 
Catocala ultronia, 177. 
Cecidomyia, 294. 

" grossularife, 359. 

" Sp., 373. 

Cecropia Chalcis fly, 79. 
" Cryptus, 79. 

" emperor-moth, 73, 161, 189, 
220, 353. 
Ceresa bubalus, 45. 
Ceroplastes cirripediformis, 402. 

" Floridensis, 402, 427. 

" rusci, 404, 427. 

Cetonia Inda, 426. 

" melancholiea, 426. 
Ceutorhynchus inaequalis, 427. 
Chaff scale, 401. 
Chalcis mariae, 425. 
Chauliognathus Americanus, 185. 
Checkered rustic, 328. 
Chelymorpha argus, 315, 427. 

" eribraria, 427. 

Cherry-bug, 220. 
Cherry-tree bark-louse, 203. 

" plant-louse, 216. 

" scale-insect, 204. 

" Thecla, 219. 

" Tortrix, 215. 

Chilochorus bivulnerus, 43. 

" cacti, 415. 

Chionaspis furfurus, 44, 425. 
Choerocampa pampinatrix, 426. 
Choetochilus contubernalellus, 104. 

" malifoliellus, 105. 

" pometellus, 426. 

Chrysobothris femorata, 20, 425. 
Chrysopa, 126, 185,342. 

" citri, 418. 

Cicada septendecim, 35. 

" tibicen. 203. 
Cidaria diversilineata, 270. 

" Sp., 372. 
Circular scale, 396. 
Clastoptera proteus, 374. 
Climbing cut-worms, 105, 335. 
Clisiocampa Americana, 47. 

" sylvatica, 52. 

Cloaked Chrysomela, 121. 
Clytus supernotatus, 427. 
Coecinella abdominalis, 427. 
" bipunctata, 426. 



INDEX. 



431 



Coccinella maculata, 426. 
" munda, 124, 426. 

" novem-notata, 124. 

" picta, 426. 

" 5-notata var. Californica, 

417. 
" sanguinea, 426. 

Coccophagus cognatus, 405. 
Coceotorus scutellaris. Is", 426. 
Codling moth, 127, 161, 190, 200. 
Coelodasys unicornis, 80, 425. 
Colaspis brunnca, 282. 

" sex-notata, 427. 
Coleophora malivorella, 115. 
Comely lady-bird, 124. 
Common mealy-bug, 410. 
Comrade palmer-worm, 104. 
Comys bicolor, 405. 
Conotracbelus crataegi, 225. 

" nenuphar, 180. 

Convergent lady-bird, 124, 413. 
Copper-spotted Calosoma, 57, 70. 
Corimelajna pulicaria, 317. 
Cotalpa lanigera, 154, 426. 
Cotinis nitida, 427. 
Cotton-stainer, 387. 
Cranberry aphis, 374. 

" fruit- worm, 375. 

" gall-fly, 373. 

" saw-fly, 373. 

" span-worm, 372. 

" spittle insect, 374. 

" weevil, 375. 

" worm, 369. 

Craponius insequalis, 300, 427. 
Crepidodera cucumeris, 364, 427. 
" HeLxines, 204, 426. 

Cresphontes butterfly, 377. 
Crioceris vittata, 427. 
Croesia persicana, 426. 
Cryptus oonquisitor, 425. 
" extrematis, 79. 
" grallator, 21. 
" inquisitor, 225. 
Cucumber flea-beetle, 317, 364. 
Currant Amphidasys, 190, 349. 
" Angerona, 335, 348. 
" bark-louse, 338. 
" borer, American, 337. 
" " imported, 336. 339. 

" Endropia, 353, 354. 
" fly, 352. 
" fruit-worm, 352. 
" plant-louse, 351. 
" span-worm, 344, 356, 360. 
Cut-worms, 327. 

" climbing, 105, 335. 

Cycloneda abdominalis, 414, 427. 
" oculata, 417. 

" sanguinea, 124, 414, 426. 

Cyrtophylius concavus, 201, 427. 



Dactylopius adonidum, 410. 

" destructor, 411. 

longifilis, 412. 
Dakruma convolutella, 357, 427. 
Darapsa myron, 244, 426. 
Dark-sided cut-worm, 107. 
Dark-veined Deilephila, 256. 
Datana ministra, 60. 
Deilephila cham^nerii, 256. 

" lineata, 254. 

Delicate long-sting, 132. 
Desmia maculalis, 266. 
Destructive mealy-bug, 41 1. 
Diabrotica 12-punctata, 368. 

" vittata, 362. 

Diastrophus cuscutaeformis, 319. 

" nebulosus, 318. 

Dicerea divaricata, 201, 426. 
Diplosis grassator, 239. 
Disippus butterfly, 168, 221. 
Divaricated Buprestis, 199, 201. 
Dog-day Cicada, 203. 

Drosopbila ?, 137. 

Dynastes tityus, 202. 
Dysdercus suturellus, 387. 

Eccopsis malana, 96. 

" permundana, 324, 427. 
Egg parasite, 170. 
Eight-spotted forester, 262. 
Elaphidion parallelum. 33. 

" villosum, 31. 

Ellopia ribearia, 427. 
Elm-bark beetle, 195. 
Emphytus maculatus, 332. 
Empretia stimulea, 113. 
Enchenopa binotata; 242. 
Encyrtus flavus, 406. 

" inquisitor, 412. 
Endropia armataria, 354, 427. 
Ennomos subsignaria, 426. 
Epicaerus imbricatus, 35, 425. 
Epochra Canadensis, 352, 427. 
Eriophilus mali, 425. 
Eriosoraa pyri, 425. 
Erythroneura vitis, 286, 427. 
Eudalinia subsignaria, 426. 
Eudioptis hyalinata, 365, 427. 

" nitidalis, 367, 427. 
Eudemis botrana, 299, 427. 
Eudryas grata, 258. 
" unio, 261. 
Eufitcbia ribearia, 344, 427. 
Eugonia subsignaria, 111, 426. 
Eunienes fraternus, 70. 
Eupelmus mirabilis, 385. 
Euphoria Inda, 159, 426. 

" nielancholica, 160, 426, 
Eupitheoia interruptofasciata, 352. 
Exartema permundana, 427. 
Exochomus contristatus, 418. 



432 



INDEX. 



Exorista leucaniae, 425. 
" phycitse, 425. 
Eyed Cycloneda, 417. 

" Elater, 25. 
Eye-spotted bud-moth, 95, 161, 189, 221. 

Pall web-worm, 71, 161, 189, 220, 302, 

317, 320, 353. 
Fidia longipes, 282, 427. 
Fifteen-spotted lady-bird, 125. 
Fig-eater, 424. 
Flat-hoaded apple-tree borer, 20, 160, 

189, 199. 
Flea-like negro-bug, 317, 320, 335. 
Flies, golden-eyed, 126. 

" lace-winged, 126. 
Florida Ceroplastes, 402. 
Forest tent-caterpillar, 52, 189, 220. 
Four-spotted spittle insect, 242. 
Four-striped plant-bug, 350. 
Fraternal potter-wasp, 70. 

Gartered plume-moth, 268. 
Gastropacha Americana, 87. 

" velleda, 425. 

Gaurax anchora, 79. 
Glassy cut-worm, 329. 
Glassy-winged soldier-bug, 288. 
Glistening cranberry -moth, 370. 
Glyptoscelis crypticus, 121. 
Golden-eyed flies, 126. 
Goldsmith beetle, 154, 334. 
Gooseberry fruit-worm, 353, 357. 

'■ midge, 359. 

Gortyna nitela, 334. 
Grape-berry moth, 298. 
Grape curculio, 300. 

" leaf-gall louse, 232, 288. 
" Phylloxera, 23l. 
Grape-seed insect, 296. 
Grape-vine aphis, 290. 

" apple-gall, 295. 

" bark-louse, 241. 

" Cidaria, 270. 

" Colaspis, 282. 335. 

" Epimenis, 264. 

" Fidia, 282. 

" filbert-gall, 293. 

" flea-beetle, 190, 277. 

" leaf-hopper, 286. 

" leaf-roller, 266. 

" root-borer, 229. 

" saw-fly, 285. 

" tomato-gall, 294. 

" wound-gall, 243. 

Grapholitha ooulana, 425. 
Grapta progne, 346, 427. 
Graptodera chalybea, 277, 427. 
Grasshoppers, 139, 167. 
Gray dagger-moth, 139, 165, 221. 
Greasy cut-worm, 327. 



Greedy scale-insect, 423. 
Green apple-leaf-tyer, 98. 

" caterpillar-hunter, 57. 
Green-faced locust, 158. 
Green grape-vine Sphinx, 244. 

" pear-tree slug, 153. 

Hadena devastatrix, 329, 427. 
Hag-moth caterpillar, 112, 221. 
Hairy cranberry caterpillar, 372. 
Ilaltica chalybea, 427. 
" cucumeris, 427. 
" striolata, 427. 
Harmonia picta, 125, 426. 
llarpalus Pensylvanicus, 185. 
Harris's bark-louse, 44. 
llemiteles nemativorus, 342. 

" thyridopteryx, 225. 

Hemispherical scale, 409. 
Hippodamia anibigua, 416. 

" convergens, 125. 

" 13-punctata, 124. 

" maculata, 426. 

Hispa marginata, 426. 

" rosea, 426. 
Honey bee, 301. 
Hoplophora arctata, 239. 
Horned span-worm, 167, 335. 
Hybernia tiliaria, 109. 
Hyperaspidius coccidivora, 418. 
Hyperchiria lo, 209, 426. 
Hyphantria textor, 71. 

Icerya purchasi, 400. 
Ichneumon lajtus, 62. 
Imbricated snout-beetle, 35, 220. 
Imported currant-borer, 336, 356, 360. 

" currant-worm, 339. 
Indian Cetonia, 159, 200, 302. 
lo emperor-moth, 139, 209, 353. 
Iridescent Serica, 156. 
Isosomo, vitis, 296. 
Ithycerus ciirculionides, 426. 

" noveboracensis, 196, 426. 

Kerosene emulsion, 421. 

Lace-winged flies, 126, 185, 240. 
Lachnosterna fusea, 212. 
Lady-bird, ashy-gray, 414. 

" blood-red, 414. 

" cactus, 415. 

" comely, 124. 

" convergent, 124, 413. 

" eyed, 417. 

" fifteen-spotted, 125. 

" five-spotted, 417. 

" nine-spotted, 124, 413. 

" painted, 125. 

" plain, 124, 413. 415. 

" spotted, 125, 413. 



INDEX. 



43J 



Lady-bird, thirteen-spottcd, 124. 
" twice-stabbed, 43, 413. 

" two-spotted, 124. 

Lagoa ciispata, 176. 
Lamia aculil'era, 425. 
Large green tree-bug, 290. 
lyasioptera vitis, 295. 
Leaf-crumpler, 93, 189, 200, 221, 226. 
Leaf-cutting bee, 179. 
Leaf-footed plant-bug, 386. 
Lecaniuni, 319. 

cerasifex, 203. 

bemisphiBricuin, 409. 

hesperidum, 404. 

olese, 407. 

persicse, 195. 

pyri, 144, 203. 

ribis, 338. 
Leptoglossus phyllopus, 386. 
Leptostylus aculifer, 22, 425. 
Lesser apple-leaf folder, 92. 
Light-loving Anomaln, 284. 
Liuiacodes pithecium, 426. 
Limenitis disippus, 168, 218. 

" Ursula, 217. 

Lime-tree winter-moth, 109. 
Liopus facetus, 30. 
Liparus imbricatus, 425. 
List of synonymes, 425. 
Lithacodes fasciola, 179. 
Lithocolletis geminatella, 149. 
Lithophane antennata, 138, 426. 
Locusta oblongifolia, 427. 
Locusts, 157. 
Long-horned borer, 22. 
Long scale, 392. 
Long-tailed Ophion, 78. 
Lozotsenia cerasivorana, 426. 
" fragariana, 426. 

" rosaceana, 425; 

Lubber grasshopper, 385. 
Lucanus dama, 23. 
LygEeus lineatus, 427. 
Lygus lineolaris, 147, 426. 
Lyonetia saccatella, 119. 
Lytta aenea, 426. 

Macrocentrus delicatus, 132. 
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 280. 
Madams vitis, 426. 

Many-dotted apple-worm, 101, 200, 221. 
May-beetle, 190, 212, 334. 
Mealy-bug, common, 410. 

" destructive, 411. 

" with long threads, 412. 

Mealy flata, 302, 357. 
Megachile brevis, 179. 
Megilla maculata, 125, 426. 
Melancholy Cetonia, 139, 160. 
Melon caterpillar, 365. 
Metapodius feinoratus, 220. 



Microcentrum retinervis, 383. 
Mierodes carinoides, 98. 
Modest tree-bug, 290. 
Molobrus mali, 426. 
Monarthrum mali, 24, 425. 
Mottled plum-tree moth, 166. 
Myelois convolutella, 427. 
Mysia 15-punctata, 426. 
Mytilaspis citricola, 390. 

" Gloveri, 392. 

" pomicorticis, 425. 

" pomorum, 40, 425. 

Myzus cerasi, 216. 
" persicaj, 199. 

Native currant saw-fly, 343. 
Neat cucumber moth, 367. 
" strawberry leaf-roller, 317, 320, 
324. 
Nematocampa filamentaria, 167. 
Nematus ventricosus, 339. 
Nemorsea leucania3, 56, 425. 
New York weevil, 139, 160, 189, 196, 220. 
Nine-spotted lady-bird, 124, 413. 
Noctua clandestina, 426. 
Nolaphana malana, 101, 426. 
Nothris citrifoliella, 382. 

" ovivorus, 70. 
Notodonta concinna, 425. 
" unicornis, 425. 

Oak Platycerus, 148. 
Oberea bimaculata, 305, 427. 

" tripunctata, 427. 
Oblique-banded leaf-roller, 90, 161, 189, 

200, 221, 317, 335, 353. 
Oblong-winged katydid, 292. 
Odontota rosea, 120, 426. 
Acanthus niveus, 308. 
QSdemasia concinna, 62, 425. 
Ohio currant saw-fly, 344. 
Oncideres cingulatus, 142, 426. 
Ophion bilineatus, 273. 

" macrurum, 78, 175, 212. 
Orange aphis, 388. 

" basket-worm, 380. 

" Chrysopa, 418. 

" dog, 380. 

" leaf-notcher, 383. 

" leaf Nothris, 382. 

" leaf-roller, 381. 
Orgyia leucostigma, 57. 
Oribates aspidioti, 394. 
Osmia Canadensis, 331. 
Osmoderma scabra, 26. 
Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 268, 426. 
Oyster-shell bark-louse, 40, 160, 353. 

Pachnephorus longipes, 427. 
Painted lady-bird, 125. 
Pale-brown Byturus, 310. 



28 



434 



INDEX. 



Palmer-worm, 102, 221. 
Pandorus Sphinx, 24S. 
Papilio cresphontes, 377, 427. 
" thoas, 427. 
" turnus, 81. 
Parallel Elaphidion, 3.3, 189. 
Paria sex-notata, 330, 427. 
Parlatoria Pergandii, 401. 
Parorgyia parallela, 179. 
Peach-tree aphis, 199. 

" bark-louse, 195. 
" borer, 189, 191. 
" leaf-roller, 197. 
Pear-blight beetle, 139, 143, 189, 200. 
Pear-tree aphis, 166. 

'• bark-louse, 144. 

" blister-beetle, 149, 190, 221, 

226. 
" borer, 140. 
" leaf-miner, 139, 149. 
" Psylla, 145. 
" slug, 150, 190, 221, 226. 
" slug, green, 153. 
Pearl wood-nymph, 261. 
Pelidnota punctata, 276. 
Pempelia grossulariw, 427. 
" Hammondi, 100. 

Pemphigus pyri, 425. 

" vitifolise, 232. 

Pennsylvania ground-beetle, 185. 
Peutatoma ligata, 290. 
Penthina oculana, 425. 

" vitivorana, 427. 
Phakellura hyalinatalis, 427. 

" nitidalis, 427. 

Phalena vernata, 425. 
Philampelus aohemon, 250. 

" pandorus, 248, 426. 

" satellitia, 426. 

Phlseothrips mali, 138. 
Phloeotribus liminaris, 195, 426. 
Phobetron pithecium, 112, 426. 
Phoxopteris fragariaj, 323, 427. 

" nubeculana, 99, 426. 

Phycis indigenella, 93, 425. 
Phycita nebulo, 425. 
Phylloptera oblongifolia, 292, 427. 
Phyllotreta striolata, 427. 

" vittata, 330, 427. 

Phylloxera vastatrix, 231. 
" vitifolia, 288. 

Phytoptus oleivorus, 389. 
Pigeon Tremex, 141. 
Pimpla annulipes, 132. 

" cunquisitor, 62, 425. 
" jtedalis, 57. 
" ring-legged, 132. 
Pipiza radicum, 15, 238. 
Pithy gall of blackberry, 318. 
Placid soldier-bug, 342. 
Plain lady-bird, 124, 413, 415. 



Platocceticus Gloveri, 380. 
Platycerus quercus, 148. 
Platynota rostrana, 381, 427. 
Platyphyllum concavum, 427. 
Platysamia Cecropia, 73, 425. 
Plum curculio, 139, 161, 180, 200, 221. 
Plum-gouger, 187. 
Plum-tree aphis, 180. 

" Catocala, 177. 

" moth, mottled, 166. 

" Sphinx, 162. 
Podisus placidus, 342. 

" spinosus, 73, 426. 
Pcecilocapsus lineatus, 350, 427. 
Pceciloptera pruinosa, 357. 
Polyphemus moth, 171. 
Pomphopoea aenea, 149, 426. 
Porizon conotracheli, 187. 

" curculio parasite, 186. 
Priocycla armataria, 427. 
Prionus imbricornis, 228. 

laticollis, 227. 
Pristiphora grossulariae, 343. 

" identidem, 373. 

" rufipes, 344. 

Proconia undata, 289. 
Procris Americana, 265. 
Promethea emperor-moth, 205. 
Psenocerus supernotatus, 337, 427. 
Psycomorpha epimenis, 264. 
Psylla pyri, 145. 
" rubi, 320. 

Pterophorus ?, 314. 

'' periscelidactj'lus, 426. 

Ptycholoma persicana, 197, 426. 
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 241. 
Purblind Sphinx, 208. 
Purple scale, 390. 
Pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, 190, 

274, 317. 
Pyrophila pyramidoides, 274, 426. 

" tragopoginis, 275, 426. 

Quince curculio, 161, 225. 
Quince scale, 222. 

Rapacious soldier-bug, 70. 
Raspberry Apatela, 313. 

" cane-borer, 305, 320. 

" geometer, 316. 

" gouty-gall, 307. 

" plume-moth, 314. 

" root-borer, 30.3, 320. 

" saw-fly, 311. 

Red-headed Systena, 283. 
Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar, 62, 

160, 220. 
Red-legged locust, 157. 

" Trioxys, 389. 

Red-necked Agrilus, 307, 320. 
Red scale of California, 395. 



INDEX. 



435 



Red-shouldered Sinoxylon, 139, 200, 243. 

Red spider, 355. 

Red-striped cranberry-worm, 371. 

Red-tailed Taehina fly, 64. 

Resplendent ?hield-bearer, 116. 

Rhaphigaster Pensylvanicus, 290. 

Rbinosia pometellus, 426. 

Rhodites radicum, 304. 

Rhopobota vacciniana, 369, 427. 

Ribbed scale, 400. 

Ring-legged Pimpla, 132. 

Rocky Mountain locust, 157. 

Romalea microptera, 385. 

Root-louse Syrphus fly, 15, 238. 

Rose-beetle, 139, 190, 200, 221, 280. 

Rosy Ilispa, 120. 

Rough Osmoderina, 26, 220. 

Round-headed apple-tree borer, 16, 160, 

226. 
Rubi podagra, 307. 
Rust mite, 389. 

Saddle-back caterpillar, 113, 221, 302, 

317, 353. 
Saddled leaf-bopper, 188, 200. 
Saperda bivittata, 425. 

" Candida, 16, 425. 

" cingulata, 426. 
Snturnia To, 426. 
Scale-insects, remedies for, 413. 
Schizoneura lanigera, 13, 27, 425. 
Sciara mali, 136, 426. 
Scolytus pyri, 420. 
Scurfy bark-louse, 44, 160. 
Scymnus bioculatus, 418. 

" cervicalis, 15, 418. 

Seed-like gall of blackberry, 319. 
Selandria cerasi, 150. 
" rubi, 311. 

" vitis, 285. 

Serica iricolor, 156. 
Sesostris snout-beetle, 243. 
Seventeen-year locust, 35. 
Sigalphus curculionis, 186. 

" eurculio parasite, 186. 

Signiphora flavopalliatus, 392. 
Signoret's spittle insect, 242. 
Sinea diadema, 70. 
Single-striped tree-hopper, 289. 
Sinoxylon basilare, 243, 426. 
Siphonophora citrifolii, 388. 
" viticola, 200. 

Smeared dagger, 139, 200, 302, 317, 325. 
Smerinthus exascatus, 85. 

" myops, 208. 

Sniicra marite, 79, 425. 
Soldier-beetle, 185. 
Sphinx drupiferarum, 162. 

" Gordius, 86. 
Spilosoma Virginica, 271. 
Spined soldier-bug, 73. 



Spinous currant caterpillar, 346, 360. 
Spotted horn-beetle, 202. 

lady-bird, 125, 413. 
" Paria, 330. 
" Pelidnota, 276. 
Squash-vine borer, 361. 
Slag beetle, 23, 220. 
Stalk-borer, 200, 334. 
Stenomesius aphidicola, 388. 
Strawberry crown-borer, 322. 
" leaf-roller, 323. 

" leaf-stem gall, 331. 

" root-borer, 200, 321. 

" saw-fly, 332. 

Streaked Thecla, 176. 
Striped cut-worm, 328. 
" flea-beetle, 330. 
" squash-beetle, 3C2. 
Synchlora rubivoraria, 310,427. 
Synonymical list, 425. 
Svstena frontalis, 283. 
Syrphus fly, 126. 

Taehina fly, 70, 78, 95, 175. 
" red-tailed, 56. 
Taehina phycitffi, 95, 425. 
Tarnished plant-bug, 139, 147, 189, 221, 

226. 
Tawny-striped palmer-worm, 105. 
Telea polyphemus, 171, 426. 
Teras Cinderella, 98, 425. 
" malivorana, 92, 425. 
" oxycoccana, 370, 427. 
" rostrana, 427. 
" vacciniivorana, 370, 427. 
Tetranychus telarius, 355. 
Tettigonia vitis, 427. 
Theoia mopsus, 219, 426. 

" strigosa, 176. 

" titus, 219, 426. 
Thelia cratasgi, 46. 

" univittata, 289. 
Thirteen-spotted lady-bird, 124. 
Thorn-bush tree-hopper, 46. 
Thrips phylloxerifi, 238. 
Thyreus Abbotii, 253. 
Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis, 222. 
Tile-horned Prionus, 228. 
Tiphia inornata, 214. 
Tisoheria malifoliella, 114. 
Tmetocera ocellana, 95, 425. 
Tolype velleda, 89, 425. 
Tomicus liminaris, 426. 

" mali, 425. 

" pyri, 426. 
Tomocera Californica, 408. 
Tortrix Cinderella, 425. 

" malivorana, 425. 

" ocellana, 425. 

" oxycoccana, 427. 

" vacciniivorana, 427. 



436 



INDEX. 



Tragocephala viridifasoiata, 168. 
Tree-bugs, 290. 

Tree-cricket, 189, 200, 301, 308. 
Tree-hopper, black-backed, 289. 

" Buffalo, 45, 200. 

" single-striped, 289. 

" thorn-bush, 46. 

" two-spotted, 242. 

Tree-hoppers, 280. 
Tremex Columba, 141. . 
Trichogramma minuta, 170. 
Trioxys cerasphis, 217. 

" testaoeipes, 389. 
Trumpet leaf-gall, 292. 
Trypeta Canadensis, 427. 

" pomonella, 135. 
Tumus swallow-tail, 81, 220, 261. 
Tussock-moth, white-marked, 57, 160, 

189, 220. 
Twelve-spotted Diabrotica, 368. 
Twice-stabbed lady-bird, 43, 413. 
Twig-girdler, 142. 
Two-spotted lady-bird, 124. 

" tree-hopper, 242. 

Tyloderma fragariis, 322, 427. 
Tyroglyphus Gloveri, 391. 

" phylloxerw, 238. 

Unadorned Tiphia, 214. 
Unicorn prominent, 80, 189. 
Ursula butterfly, 139, 190, 217. 



Vanessa progne, 427. 
Variegated, cut-worm, 106. 
Velleda lappet-moth, 89. 
Violaceous flea-beetle, 204. 
Vitis coryloides, 293. 

" pomum, 295. 

" tomatos, 294. 

" viticola, 292. 

" vulnus, 243. 

Wasps, 190. 

Waved Lagoa, 139, 176, 320. 

" Proconia, 289. 
White Eugonia, 111. 
White-lined Deilephila, 139, 254. 
White-marked tussock-moth, 57, 160, 

189, 220. 
White scale, 398. 
W-marked cut-worm, 108. 
Woolly-louse of the apple, 27. 

Xyleborus pyri, 143, 426. 
Xylina cinerea, 426. 

Yellow cranberry -worm, 370. 
Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar, 

60. 
Yellow woolly-bear, 271, 317, 320, 358. 
Ypsolophus pometellus, 102, 426. 

Zophodia convolutella, 427. 



THE END. 






















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